Ethical Problems associated to Information Technology Essay Example for Free

honourable Problems associated to Information Technology EssayInformation technology has been constantly booming with in the raw technological products that create a more diverse information environment. in that respect have been dramatic changes associated with the IT, and these changes create ethical problems and upheavals that usually have something to do with ethics. True, on that point has been technological development in the arnaone that occurs when either the technological ikon is elaborated in terms of improved concepts, theories, and methods, or in instances of the paradigm be improved (Moor, 2008, p.27), such as in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and safety. This creates an enormous social impact, and it has led to a technological revolution that considerably takes time and is delicate to predict. Information technology has gone over the introduction st term and the permeation stage. We are on the power stage wherein the technology is readily available, a ffecting wad directly and indirectly. This creates an impact that is superbly enormous yet, there are always the ethical problems that springs forth in the arena.Ethical problems that surround the self-identity, anonymity, and solitude of a individual are always attached when it comes to IT. The technological revolution has a large-scale effect that transforms the society, musical composition affecting the manner in which the society functions (Moor, 2008, p. 29). It is evident that escaped technological revolutions in open societies still affect some enhancements, so that the ethical problems would be controlled and maximized. Main Body There are a list of important issues that surround the technological paradigm of IT, especially in relation to ethics.Some of these are in the form of self-identity, anonymity, as well as privacy. There are in addition other unethical issues (e. g. , cheating, hacking, wardriving) that are attached to the technological paradigm of IT. Ethica l problems in self-identity The self-identity is being constructed according to how the individual interacts with the society and with himself or herself. In the social landscape of modernity, there are numerous major changes in the external social environment that affects the individual during this social transformation.In the age of the IT, stack get to have the capacity to reconstruct the universe through the everyday realities and circumstances that take place in their specific servicemans. It is a continuous state of affairs that largely creates the self-identity and the soulfulnessal feelings attached to this paradigm. This new sense of identity are being formed with the intrusion of the IT in a persons life, and pack get to have personal relationship even with people who are unknown to thempeople who suddenly pop out in their computers screens, with names that may or may not be factual.Personal relationships help form the self-identity, offering opportunities for self-exp ression and the self-renewal. According to Giddens (1991), The modern world is a runaway world not only is the pace of social change much faster than in any prior system, so also is its scope, and the profoundness with which it affects pre-existing social practices and modes of behavior. (Giddens, 1991, p. 16) With this, it is apparent that the IT becomes an active component in the continuous transformation of a persons identity, as it creates and affects the social practices and the modes of a persons behavior.Thus, problems that affect the personal life of the individual could affect not only the self-identity, but the social practices and the environment as a whole. Ethical problems in terms of anonymity and privacy, for example, can lead to an identity that is blemished beca pulmonary tuberculosis of unethical conduct. Despite the fact that people always carry discursive interpretations of their behavior, this functional consciousness drives the person into creating or destroyi ng the ontological security of human activity in a culture. As an effect, people tend to write comments anonymously while hiding their true identities.Ethical problems in anonymity According to the article that Richard Perez-Pena (2010) wrote entitled News Sites Rethink Anonymous Online Comments, it says that Internet users usually make use of the digital disguise, revealing their power and their sentiments without acknowledging their true identities to the viewers. This constitutes a sort of freedom for the digital users, and this is most typical in news sites, wherein the viewers are allowed to denounce comments without indicating their true identities, keeping their privacy in a world that is being presented in public.As indicated in the article, Anyone could weigh in and remain anonymous (Perez-Pena, 2010, p. 1), and this leads to the chief on whether or not viewers of Internet sites should be allowed to remain anonymous when dictating their comments and suggestions. This is a very significant ethical problem associated to IT, since it has been ethically received that any type of idea or sentiment should be associated to the respectful person who has formed the idea. According to Arianna Huffington, founder of The Huffington Post,Anonymity is just the way things are done. Its an accepted part of the Internet, but theres no question that people hide behind anonymity to make vile or controversial comments. (Perez-Pena, 2010, p. 1) It has, therefore, been advised that viewers should indicate their factual names, especially when making a significant commentary about the society. They should use their real names, and this may be done by requiring people to register first before posting their commentaries. Ethical problems in privacyAccording to the article that Scott Rosenberg (2010) wrote entitled Online Comments Need Moderation, not Real Names, there is also the statement that defines how newspaper website managers have been reacting in terms of anonymity and privacy keeping. As stated, If only they could make people sign their real names, surely the atmosphere would improve (Rosenberg, 2010, p. 1). Online conversation spaces make media outlets turn the common software on and then leave them as it is, as if the discussions would magically take care of themselves (Rosenberg, 2010, p.1). The problem, however, is that the commenters should not be faceless and should carry identities that are open for the other viewers. This problem is in the identity system, with the Web having no identity system that would ethically reconnect the idea to the person who has declared it. As stated in the article, The Web has no identity system, and though the FBI can thwart you down if the provocation is dire enough, and if you get editors mad enough they can track you down, too, most media companies arent going to waste the time and money.(Rosenberg, 2010, p. 1) Ethical privacy problems can also be in the form of hacking or using unauthorized access to an information system (Floridi, 2008, p. 43). This indulges privacy and confidentiality. Conclusion There are other ethical problems associated with the IT of the modern social world, such as using the new technology in order to cheat ones taxes, or deviating the user from his or her true name or identity. It can also be in the form of wardriving wherein people try to connect wirelessly to other peoples networks (Moor, 2008, p.33). All these unethical conducts can create an enormous social impact that leads to technological revolution that can contract IT in its power stage. With suitable management, it can develop the IT into something that is more powerful and enormous, without the ethical problems that have large-scale effects on the society. It is evident, therefore, that open societies through the IT still need some enhancements, so that the ethical problems would be controlled and maximized. ReferencesFloridi, L. (2008). Information ethics its nature and scope. In Eds. Jeroe n van den Hoven and fundament Weckerts Information technology and moral philosophy. New York, NY Cambridge University Press. Giddens, A. (1991). contemporaneity and self-identity self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press. Moor, J. (2008). Why we need better ethics for emerging technologies. In Eds. Jeroen van den Hoven and John Weckerts Information technology and moral philosophy.New York, NY Cambridge University Press. Perez-Pena, R. (2010, April 11). News sites rethink anonymous online comments. Retrieved May 7, 2010, from The New York Times Company database http//www. nytimes. com/2010/04/12/technology/12comments. html. Rosenberg, S. (2010, April 13). Online comments need moderation, not real names. Retrieved May 7, 2010, from Salon Media Group, Inc. database http//www. salon. com/news/feature/2010/04/13/newspaper_online_comments_moderation_open2010.

Problems and Purposes Essay Example for Free

Problems and Purposes EssayMost English as a second language teachers find it a difficult task to give clasroom management in a conjunct learning surroundings. This look for allow for focus on identifying the classroom techniques that ESL lecturers use to effectively implement clasroom management during concerted learning.The look forer used both the quantitative and qualitative research rules to display the managerial skills that the ESL teachers use. The repondents included 28 students and their teacher belonging to the secondary grade louvre school level program. Research shows that the student respondent group has more English classes than the usual ESL program. Research Information was gathered by interviewing the student respondents and notice them in their normal classroom purlieu.First, the researcher interviewed the teacher on her chosen classroom techniques during her concerted learning class. She implements cooperative activities in the classroom environ ment. The researcher observe the respondents in 2 separate research periods each consisting of a 75 -minute time period. The interview shows that the ESL teacher favored the cooperative learning activities. This study will show in detail the right techniques to implement to ensure a successful cooperative learning program. The research findings would benefit the teachers who will give cooperative learning a try.INTRODUCTIONSocial and Scientific Context for the StudyThe social and scientific context for the study is to determine the most effective classroom management procedure that would lead to a successful cooperative learning. The context will focus on the cooperative teaching of English as a second language classroom learning environment. Also, the study will touch on the effectiveness of cooperative learning as a constructive method of teaching in a classroom environment.Problems and PurposesThe problem is to determine the best classroom management method for an optimum Englis h learning environment. The purpose of this research will be to delve into the effect of the cooperative learning method in English as a second language. Another purpose is for this research to serve as secondary resource material for the teachers, students, school administrators, community and others to learn the best classroom management procedure. For, the users of this research will learn whether cooperative learning is the best classroom learning procedure.Study Type DefinedThe research will focus on the use of quantitative as headspring as qualitative research method. The qualitative method uses professionally refereed journals and professionally authored books as secondary resources. Quantitative method uses interview and classroom observation to co-occurrence the qualitative approach. The researcher also uses the primary source method by interviewing the students and teachers. Also, the researcher will observe a real classroom learning act to validate the classroom interv iews and the secondary resources.Research QuestionThe research question is Can the teachers impose discipline in cooperative working activities?Audience, Purpose, and Plan for the typography PresentedThe audience of this research are the education related segments. They include the students, teachers, school administrators and community. The purpose of this study is to determine the most effective way of classroom management. This research focuses on discipline in a cooperative classroom learning environment. The plan of the paper is to focus on the use of quantitative as head as qualitative approaches research method. The research uses the survey questions as well as observing a live classroom to determine the best classroom management method. Also, this study will focus secondary materials to complement the primary study method.Another purpose of this research is to determine the one of best slipway of teaching English as a second language. There are many theories on how to tea ch a overmaster in class. One much(prenominal) strategy to teach the students without even caring for the students ability to learn the lessons. This is now a thing of the past.For, the current teachers are college graduates. They have been professionally trained to apply the best teaching strategy that will make the student love AIDA. It stands for A) increased Attendance in class, I) Interest to learn the subject at hand, D) Desire to absorb the lessons for the day, and A) Attention to the lesson being thought. This specifically applies to students in learning English as a second language.Literature Review2.1 classroom Managementclassroom management refers to the means used by teachers to direct their classrooms in order to create an appropriate environment for effective teaching and learning. Classroom management models includes the most interventionist in character to those that are not interventionist in character. James Dobson authored the punishment model of class manageme nt (Corrie, 2001, p. 52). The main idea of this theory is that students who do not follow the rules of their superior or teacher will have to punished. (Brownell Walther-Thomas, 2001, p. 31).Another classroom management strategy is to create an environment conducive to English -learning. Currently, many schools are using the information and communicaton technologies in the classrooms. This entails the use of computers and internet in teaching the topics at hand. The computer produces an English -learning environment because the students will learn the module pillow slip lessons at their own pace. Meaning, the students will not go on to the next chapter of the classroom textbook until they have undefiled the study of the prior chapters of the textbook (Lim, Pek Chai, 2005).Each chapter in the computer E book has an exercise which the student will have to answer online. Once the student answers one chapter exercise with a passing grade (for example chapter 8) the student can now turn to answer the exercises in another chapter (for example chapter 9). This type of classroom learning is described as task oriented and reflective (Lim, Teo, Wong, Khine, Chai Divaharan, 2003). Many companies wish Pearson computer publishing offers such computer based textbooks to schools.The teacher can effectively implement non -punishment level classroom discipline. The non -punishment model includes giving rewards to students who excel in class.Excellence in class could be in the welkin of most number of attendance, highest grade in class, best in recitation, best in essay writing, best in math, best in each subject, etc. The rewards could be announcing the deserving students as the first honor, second honor, best in math, best in Physical Education and others in annual school comprehension activities. Definitely, the teacher can effectively implement classroom discipline (Traynor, 2003).The teacher can effectively implement punishment level classroom discipline. First, the teacher could punish the English learning student by giving him or her a failing grade for cheating. Or, the teacher can suspend the student for slight misbehavior like shouting vulgar words at his or her classmates incessantly. Also, the teacher can Expel the student for very bad classroom behaviour like slapping his or her classmate or slamming a chair on his classmate during the English learning class.

Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh

Examining Real Estate Business In BangladeshThis explore report focuses on the market system of rules of the sure realisticm strain in Bangladesh and also evaluates the market growth as this rapidly growing business has scram more hot in Bangladesh during the last fifteen years. For that reason this paper give firstly evaluate the real body politic business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised and finally recommendation will be given on how to offer this business.Chapter 1 designToday the real kingdomed country of the realm business is one of the fastest growing businesses in Bangladesh and it plays an important role in the Bangladeshi economy. This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real realm business in Bangladesh. Presently Bangladesh is a developing and also over populated country. capital of Bangladesh is the capital of Bangladesh. This city is very important for everything because everythi ng is found on this city. For that reason this city is densely populated. From 1985 the concept of living in a flat has been started and also the real estate business has become more popular. The slogan used by the business is our creation your dream. This is a dream about someones home. This topic was chosen because many pile know very little about Bangladesh and Bangladeshi business and because of my own interest and personal experience.This paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised. Finally recommendations will be given on how to improve this business.Chapter 2Literature ReviewBangladesh is a developing country, and as is common in many such countries, everything is centralized so every business based in Dhaka city. Now a days Dhaka is a overpopulated city. That is the main reason for the growth of real estate business, because people needfully more house for living. More than 260 comp anies are working or doing business in Dhaka(According to REHAB 2004)Real Estate lodging Association of Bangladesh. So it is proof that real estate business is rapidly growing business in Bangladesh.This research paper focuses on marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Today marketing is one of the important part for all kinds of business. It is true that if in the company marketing system is strong than the business of this is doing well. So here in this research paper will be evaluate some true marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Because marketing starts with human needs and wants. People need food, air, water, clothing, and shelter to survive. Beyond this, people have a strong desire for recreation, education, and early(a) services. They have strong preference for particular versions and brands of basal goods services. Kotler,P.(1998).Chapter 3MethodlogyIn this research my specific and siteigating area is real estate business in Bangladesh. This research is measurely literature based in appendix it will evaluate the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. To make this research valid and reliable, I am exhausting to show the true marketing system in Bangladesh.It was difficult to find specific books in this area. This research would have been better if there had been time to do empirical research. It would have been appropriate to use questioners and interviews with the people who are working in the real estate business. This research could have also been more respectable if the questioners and interviews involved a large sample of real estate business in Bangladesh. However there was not too much time or resources to do this.This research paper hopes to show what kinds of marketing system the real estate companies are using in their business and what is their strategy for their products and their services for their patsy clients. Because Marketing is an orderly and insightful process for thinking about and planning for markets. The process starts with researching the market place and understand its dynamics. This marketing process involves segmenting with the market and choosing those fundament customer that the company can satisfy in a superior way.(Kotler.1998)Therefore in this research paper I evaluate the real estate business culture, critically appraise the real estate marketing system and recommend how to improve the growth rate of this business in Bangladesh.Chapter 4 determination and AnalysisDhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and one of the more or less overpopulated city in the world. This city is home of more than 12.8 million people estimated as of 2008 according to the Dhaka City Corporation. This population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year that is one of the highest rates in the Asian city. On the other(a) hand according to Far east Economic Review this city Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year of 2025(Wikipedia).So day by day people are increasing and housing demand also increasing. So this is the main chance for real estate business. Because as a developing country is quite difficult for government to provide such a big fundamental needs like housing. As a result mystic real estate companies come forward to meet the needs of the increasing housing demand.Land development and construction of apartments is the concern of a real estate business. This business major construct area is residential and commercial skeletonings to sell them and make profit. Now this business is rapidly growing and one of the most popular business in Bangladesh. According to REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh,2004) in Dhaka there are 250 companies doing this business. This is show that what a rapidly increasing business. On the other hand this business also plays an important role in Bangladeshi economic.However most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies marketing system almost same. These marketing sys tem based on four thingsThinking about apartments or housing.Level of income.Standard of living.Style of living.Most of the Bangladeshi real estate company applying this kinds of things for finding as a potential customer.On the other hand customer also classify by the real estate companies. Because housing is not a major problem for rich people alone it is big problem for middle and lower income people. So companies are oddly tushed middle income and lower income customers. Because a house is their ultimate dream for this kinds of customers. For that reason most of the real estate company investing lots of money for promoting their products for their target customers.Such as AdvertisementNewspaper, Television, Neon Sign BillboardPersonal sellingThis is one of the major things to maintain good relation with the customers. On the other hand a number of employees are working for the company in indoor and outdoor for sales events the particular products.Sales promotional materialS ales promotion is another important things for real estate company. Sometime the company offers discount, Gifts, service price off and many other things for selling their products.PublicityBuy on instalmentsSize start with 750sft to 1800 sft.(square Feet)This is the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh.Chapter5ConclusionBangladeshi real estate business is one of the most profitable and popular business. If real estate companies have liabilities about their customers than government have also some liabilities about this business. So government needs frivol away necessary steps or roles to protect this business. Every year the Bangladeshi government earns approximately more than 1500 core taka as a revenue. On the other hand more than 25laks people are working with this industry REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh) in 2008. So this is show that the growth rate of the real estate business in Bangladesh.However the marketing system is a process whi ch can be improve day by day with veracious market research and strong marketing planning. So real estate companies needs to find out the potential buyers and strong relationship with their customers. It can be very effective to selling their product for their target customers.Chapter 6RecommendationsHowever now real estate business is very popular in Bangladesh but most of the companies do not have proper market research and marketing plan. Because most of companies do not have longer period marketing plan. So most of the Bangladeshi real estate company needs proper marketing research which start with planning well in advance of the implementation, analysis, management review, and good coordination between customers. In addition most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies needs strong customer care. Because this business totally customer based.All marketing strategy is built on STP-Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning. A company discovers different needs and groups in the mark etplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy in a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the companys distinctive offering and image.(P.Kotler,K.L.Keller,2006)So this marketing strategy can improve the real estate business in Bangladesh.Chapter 7Reflections of learningIn this research paper I am learning lots of things such as how to write a research paper in a right order. Because this is my first research paper. When I started my research I was facing lots of difficulties but day by day I learn lots of things about a research paper and how to write it. May be in my research paper I have lots of errors and mistakes. But I know that it is all about learning process because this learning process helps me lots in my future studies .In addition I wants to thank International Study Canter and specially my course teacher because they are deign such an important course for the students who wants to study in the postgraduates level .AppendicesCommitted to PEOPLES RIGHT TO KNOWVol. 5 Num 50 Fri. July 16, 2004BusinessRehab housing pleasure ground in New York next monthStar Business baseIn a bid to promote the countrys housing and real estate business by wooing Bangladeshis living in the US, the Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh (Rehab) is going to organise a five-day housing fair next month in New York.The event titled Rehab-Biponon Housing Fair 2004 will begin on August 19 at Quality Hotel Hampstead in New York city. Rehab is organising the fair in association with Biponon, a US-based marketing company.Describing the objectives of the fair, Rehabs Senior executive director Member Ziaul Ahsan said the fair would encourage expatriates to build their houses in Bangladesh as well as attract foreign investors to the country. Through this fair, the expatriates will get the opportunity to know all about the housing business in Bangladesh, he said. We think if they know about our real estate sector, they will move to invest in the sector.Ahsan said the exhibition would contribute to earning more remittance from the US and making more foreign investment in the countrys real estate sector.A total of 29 Rehab member companies will take part in the fair. They are create Technology and Ideas Ltd, Hamid Real Estate Construction Ltd, Sheltech (Private) Ltd, eastern hemisphereern Housing Ltd, East West Property Development Private Ltd, Latif Real Estate Ltd, Bosoti Consortium Ltd, Suvastu Development Ltd, Hasan and Associates Ltd, Amin Mohammad Group, Rangs Properties Ltd, Tropical Homes Ltd, Building for Future Ltd, Ena Properties Ltd, Concord Real Estate and Building Products Ltd, Brac Concord Lands Ltd, Bangladesh Development Company Ltd, Borak Real Estate (Private) Ltd, Living Stone Ltd, Equity Property Development Private Ltd, Japan Garden City Ltd, Al-Hasan Developers Ltd, NM Housing Ltd, Sumona Private Ltd, Rupayon Housing Estate Ltd, Mega Builders Ltd, Assurance Develop-ments Ltd, Building Development and Design Ltd and Crescent Holdings Ltd. According to Rehab, its 145 members delivered 70,000 to 80,000 apartment units to their customers in last 20 years. Besides, they have been delivering 4,000 to 6,000 plots a year.The Rehab statistics show the annual turnover of the real estate sector amounts to Tk 7,500 crore and the government earns Tk 700 crore in revenue a year from the sector. About 15 lakh skilled and unskilled labourers are working in this sector.ExamplePublished On 2007-11-25BusinessREHAB fair ends with commitment to lower cost urban housingSumon Salah UddinA salesperson (right) busy briefing a visitor at a stall at the annual REHAB housing fair that concluded yesterday in Dhaka. Photo STARReal estate companies yesterday pledged to develop lower cost urban housing solutions in order to meet the growing demands for affordable homes in the capital. This is the right time to shift our focus to lower cost apartments instead of luxury flats, said Mohammad Zakir Hossain, major(postnominal) sales executive of Rangs Properties.According to Hossain, developers are now planning most of their new projects targeting middle class people who make between Tk 20,000 and Tk 40,000 a month. Talking to The day-by-day Star on the final day of the 5-day housing fair organised by the Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh, Hossain said his company before long has no apartment of less than 1450 square feet in size. However, the management is planning new projects to meet the growing demands for smaller flats within the price range of Tk 15 lakh to Tk 20 lakh. A number of factors, including soaring construction costs and the governments drive against black money, have contributed to a sharp fall in the sale of apartments, which are down around 50 percent so far this year, according to REHAB. Hossain said proper urban policy and the right public basis are necessary to build lower cost housing, especially in the suburbs. The land pri ce in the central areas of big cities is so high that it is lots hard to keep the apartment price low. If the government builds proper infrastructure like highways and a good public transport system, developers will start to build lower cost housing projects in the suburban areas, he said. Eastern Housing Ltd, a developer of plots for urban housing, said it didnt have any more land plots to sell. All the plots in our land projects are sold out. We are now introducing two new mid-sized apartment projects in the capitals Kamalapur and Panthapath areas, said Mohammad Farhaduzzaman, assistant manager of the company. Aminul Islam Tareq, major(postnominal) marketing executive of Rupayan Housing Estate Ltd, said the company had received a huge response from potential customers at the show. The response was more than expected, thanks to our newer projects in Uttara and Mirpur, he said, adding that Rupayan recently started building smaller apartments to attract customers from mid-income ea rners who cannot afford to pay more than Tk 30 lakh. Despite the slump in the real estate sector, there was little evidence of a lack of enthusiasm among the crowds at the jam-packed fair.While the focus was on the lower cost solutions a few luxury developers could be found, one such being Building Technology Ideas (bti) Ltd, who said their primary focus would still be on luxury living. We just got approval for 10-storied projects in Gulshan and Banani areas under the Building Construction Rules 2007. Our focus still remains on exclusive privacy, environmental friendliness and more space, said an executive of the company.

Gender Discrimination In Education In Afghanistan Sociology Essay

Gender Discrimination In Education In Afghanistan Sociology EssayAfghanistan is one of the toughest regions for women to survive. Although the country has a highest number of work-going populations, gender disparities in education remain high. Women discrimination in the education system is a pervasive practice, which the political systems seduce not considered it seriously. M any girls opt to attend to their domesticated duties because of the fear they endure about mavericks and different(a) group, which usually attack them in various education institutions. Compared to boys, the societal norms and practices do not favor the girl because they produce minor roles in the building of the familiarity and culture.Research questionWhat are the reasons of gender discrimination in the education in Afghanistan?Proposed claimsDuring the Taliban rule, women oppression and denial to devil education has been evident by several attacks insurgent have orchestrated in schools. It is goo d to note that, this political system exercised male dominance and hegemonic practices against the women because of their view in the society. Socio-cultural norms and practices within the Afghans contribute largely to the discriminative way of sharing resources like education in the community. At the primary school level, the literacy level of girls for elder 15-24 stands at 18%, while the literacy level for bay at the same age bracket remains at 50%. More than half the boys have a chance of completing education compared to girls (Brodsky, Portnoy, Scheibler, Carrilo, 2012). Cultural practices and traditions encouraged boys to further their studies because of the channelership positions they occupied in the society.According to a report filed by the military man Rights Commission in Afghanistan, parents elucidate that major challenges affecting their daughters is insecurity and accessibility of education. Others stated that a girl child ought to attend to domestic duties, eng age in productive activities to enable her family earn a living and children marriages (Whitsel Mehran, 2010 p. 504). The Islamic the Islamic rule under the Taliban government did not allow women in public areas. For this reason, other girls opt to remain indoors for fear of execution of assault by law enforcers. This situation influenced the way girls attended schools as opposed to boys who had the time to buzz off experience.Factors contributing to gender discrimination in education in AfghanistanThe Brutal Taliban RuleThe Taliban became prominent in 1994 after they took power and ruled the Afghanistan in a dictatorial way. The group targeted women in such a way that many succumbed to health complications, others lost their lives, and the majority lacked the power to acquire knowledge at institutions of learning. Since approximately of the schools in Afghanistan are gender-segregated, the insurgent group conducted several attacks on girls in wander to deprive them from acquir ing basic education. It was a rule that girls ought to stay off from public places the school was a public place where they socialized. According to the Taliban rule, oppressing women was a show of winning despite losing the victory at the battlefields. In Takhar province, the Taliban group poisoned 40 girls student, some of which succumbed to severe health complication (Facar, 2006 p. 31). This group burnt girls schools because they wanted to get rid of the enlightened generation of women, which could challenge their political ideologies and power.Before the Taliban fictitious power, Afghanistan was a peaceful place, which ensured equality between boys and girls with regard to knowledge acquisition. Thereafter, when the Taliban ruled, they perpetrated egregious acts of violence against juvenile girls. Such actions induced fear in girls who were at learning institutions because they knew anytime they face attackers (Spink, 2005 p. 197). In a certain incidence, In Tukhar province insurgents attached a girls school at night, raped students, assaulted and kidnapped others. For this reason, many abandoned learning as they becomed to Iran and Pakistan for refuge. In 1999, Talibans jailed and deported a female worker who was helping Afghanistan women in engaging in home-based work. In Kabul, female teachers lost their jobs, a move that crippled learning in some institutions. Since these teachers attended mainly elementary classes in girls schools, children missed fundamental of education making some to record paltry marks in examinations. The Taliban also restricted female from enrolling at the Kabul University. The rationale behind it was the facility was full to capacity and that women should wait for the government to become another facility.Society norms and practicesAccording to norms and practices of the Afghans, women had no authority over certain traditional practices like marriage. In the video, it was stated that many parents married off their young daughters without their consent because the parents wanted to raise resources, which could sustain the rest of the family (men). Following this initiative, many girls were pulled out of schools or deprived the right to education because they will get married. some(a) families forced their girl children to stay indoors because they were afraid of fines and penalties, which societal leaders could charge upon exposing their siblings. Brodsky, Portnoy, Scheibler Carrilo, (2012) asserts that the culture has a requirement, which states that girls should not compete with men in any way going to school as boys do was a form of competition, which the society did not allow. Moreover, culture also required that girls and boys should be segregated in any gathering or event. This doctrine was also exercised at government institutions, which had a mandate of building schools and allocating other resources. Such an environment does not push healthy competition during learning. There is a possibi lity that girls will perform poorly. In the Video, Parish Will of World Edition state that, the society has had a intuition that girls should only acquire basic primary education, which sometimes is not essential. With this in mind, many parents had not until recently realized the importance of supporting their daughters education.How working knowledge influenced topic selectionIn my relationship with female colleagues, i interviewed a few who stated that the major problem, which they face in their pursuit of education, was discrimination and oppression from men. Many asserted that male dominated societies could not favor them or support their educational occupys. Apart from that, I noted that the number of female teachers and other workers at various places of work was low. I wanted to establish the rationale behind the situation. I considered that the topic was important for research because I wanted to look the problem and establish some of the problems, which have led to the situation.Misunderstandings about the topicDuring the time women were oppressed and discriminated, I do not understand the reason wherefore insurgent and the Taliban targeted women. The explanation given does not give a clear reason for the brutal activities women went through. I consider that Afghanistan men could have been target of Taliban because they skunk challenge their rule of law. The Islamic rules and practices have given women an equal opportunity as men to pursue various sectors and acquire knowledge in order to develop the society. The Taliban were also Islam, but did not adhere to this requirement. There has been no evidence showing or explaining why women were denied the right of education.ConclusionIndeed women in Afghanistan were denied the right of education. The Taliban used their authority to oppress and deprive women from learning because they wanted to eliminate the likelihood of having enlightened future leaders, who could challenge some of their political i deologies. Although the society still holds that women should remain passive to societal practices and activities, I will carry out sensitization campaigns, which will enlighten women and teach some fundamental rights that they need to demand from the authority. In addition, religious leaders will also be used in teaching the society against the practices, which discriminate against the women.Annotated Reference listBrodsky, A., Portnoy, G., Scheibler, J., Carrilo, A. (2012). beyond (ABCs) Education, community and feminism in Afghanistan. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(1), 159-181.This journal highlights how Socio-cultural norms and practices within the Afghans has contributed in the oppressive way through which resources and services like education have been shared in the community. The author cites evidence stating that, at the primary school level, the literacy level of girls for aged 15-24 stands at 18%, while the literacy level for bay at the same age bracket remains at 5 0%. More than half the boys have a chance of completing education compared to girls.Facar, M. (2006). The pendulum of gender regime in Afghanistan. Central Asia Survey, 25(1), 27-59.This source gives a historical perspective of how the Afghanistan society lived during the time before and after the Taliban. The author observes that because most of the schools in Afghanistan are gender-segregated, the insurgent groups have always conducted several attacks on girls in order to restrict them from acquiring basic education. It was a rule that girls ought to stay away from public places the school was a public place where they socialized. The author adds that oppressing women was a show of winning despite losing the victory at the battlefields. He cites an example in Takhar province, where Taliban group poisoned 40 girls student, some of which succumbed to severe health complication.Spink, J. (2005). Education and politics in Afghanistan the importance of an education system in peace bui lding and reconstruction. Journal of two-eyed violet Education, 2(2), 195-207.In this source, the author gives the picture of the situation after the Taliban assumed power. He explains and demonstrates how women underwent difficult situations in their pursuit of education. He observes that men were favored unlike women who suffered military commission and egregious acts of violence from the insurgents.Whitsel, C., Mehran, W. (2010). School, work and community-level differences in Afghanistan and Tajikistan divergence in secondary school enrolment of youth. Central Asia Survey, 29(4), 501-519.In this source the author, identify various problems that lead to the low number of women registration in secondary schools. He observes that traditional norms and practices also deprived women from accessing education by forcing them to stay at home while boys went to school.

The Hobbit

The Hobbit Modern literature often provides an pretend in place of the betoken. One example is The Hobbit by J.R.R Tolkien, print in 1937, in which the protagonist, Bilbo, is disturbed from his peaceful routines in wander to embark on a voyage to regain treasure from the savage dragon, Smaug. It exemplifies the journey patch structure, otherwise known as the endanger archetype, for the protagonist attempts to fill his gradu altogethery gain heroism with. Most notably, the collect is positive through the elements of spirit, imagery, and plot in the fresh. The culture of the protagonist, Bilbo, portrays maturation and person-to-person growth, signifying that the quest is not only for physical possession, al matchless for a fulfillment. Through the development of the quest, the overview of benevolence versus evil emerges through imagery, demonstrating the potential of the novel. In addition, the quest follows a linear plot in the adventure archetype, gradually showing the development of the quest. The novel is successful in achieving its purpose of the quest not only existing to obtain the physical object through journey, but alike to find peerlesss personal self. The maturation of the protagonist, Bilbo, is pivotal in the re-discovering of himself. Bilbo at first embarks on the quest as a reluctant, common hobbit, wanting to do nothing with Gandalfs request. Nevertheless, as the novel progresses, Bilbo prevails in the face of danger and adversity, a threat to the status quo. Much of this has to do with fate and destiny. Out of the numerous people in their group, Bilbo is the one who is leave unconscious to retrieve the ring that grants invisibility. other instance is which shows evidence of the maturation of Bilbo is when Bilbo confronts Smaug, the antagonist, solely through sheer luck and chance.Lets have no more argument. I have chose Mr. Baggins and that ought to be enough for all of you. If I say he is a burglar, a burglar he is, or will b e when time comes. There is a lot in him than you guess, and a deal more than he has any idea of himself (J.R.R Tolkien, 24)Therefore, it can be assumed that a supernatural force or power back up Bilbo on his quest. In this scenario, the fate ruler would be Gandalf, his mentor. There are many instances throughout the quest in which Gandalf disappeared from the group due to an arcane call, leave Bilbo to lead the dwarves. Therefore, one could to a fault say that fate and self-will controlled the development of the quest. This quest also serves as a metaphor for Bilbos personal growth. Originally, the call to adventure is purely for a physical purpose of retrieving the stolen gold and possessions from Smaug. However, he builds more confidence and resourcefulness through confronting the trolls, escaping with Gollums ring, rescuing the dwarves in Mirkwood, and speaking face-to-face with the great dragon. These conflicts each(prenominal) give him an opportunity to prove himself and hi s bravery as a burglar. As well, through each of these mischief, he is able to fulfill his personal destiny. The hobbits are slackly known for their timid peaceful way of living. Yet, Bilbos lineage of the Took is known for being adventurous. Without the quest, Bilbo would yet still be in his hobbit hole. He would not have developed into the hero he becomes at the end of his quest. To explain, during the lonesome time in the cave with Gollum, the quest becomes Bilbos own, not of the dwarves physical possession. Through his solo act, Bilbo attempts to fill his personal quest in rediscovering himself. In addition, he hesitates and worries whether or not leaving home was a good idea in many instances throughout the quest. To go in quest means to look for something of which one has, as yet, no experience one can imagine what it will be like but whether ones picture is true or false will be known only when one has found it. (Fantasy, 99.) By the end of his quest, not only does he regain the Tooks side of his lineage, but also he is very confident and well developed as a hero. This is exemplified through the robbery of the Arkenstone in order to stop the fury of the dwarves. Therefore, the quest is derived from the protagonist. Bilbo is the purpose and existence for the quest. Therefore, the adventure archetype revolves around Bilbo. Once the adventure is awakened, it unfolds and presents all the possibilities for the character to take leading the character into something greater later on into the story. Belly of the whale gives a series of tests for Bilbo in which he must overcome and develop through. Through his physical journey, one can view the purpose of the quest is for the protagonist to look for something that may or not be a physical possession, however rather a new found self. As we become more familiar with the development of Bilbo, imagery in quest becomes more apparent. Adversaries and tone-differentiating settings present clear perception and imagery. imagination refers to words that trigger the mind of a reader to recall images or mental pictures. One example of this is in the confrontation with the enemy. Through Bilbo squaring off against enemies, much(prenominal) as the goblins, spiders, and Gollum, one can notice the reoccurring idea of good versus evil. While the good creatures strive for peaceful existence, the benighted figures exist to cause suffering. Even a reluctant hobbit such as Bilbo gets involved in the hassle between good and evil, for he ultimately believed it for a noble cause. On the other hand, sinister creatures constantly threaten such forces of good. The mighty dragon Smaug destroys and kills the towns of humans. One will notice the clear division between good and evil. Race and family lineage also comes into play as the good confronts the evil. As mentioned previously, the evil is not one specific creature, yet many groups of creatures formed together to create a terrorization force. The confrontation of the enemy is when the different races of good unite in order to defeat the hordes of evil. Therefore, there is an image of clashing hordes of creatures battling, also known as the competitiveness of the Five armies. In addition, Bilbos thoughts and feelings often relate to the types of imagery tone established in the setting. For instance, in Gollums cave, Bilbo is just devastated and frightened at the fact that he was left behind in an unknown, wretched cave. Not only is Bilbos feelings fearful and frightening, but the tone of the setting is set to match his emotions, for the cave is dark and ominous. Imagery exemplifies visual image of any image through words. Yet, The Hobbit shows the process of going through the quest and an overview of quest as a whole. Therefore, imagery shows the effectiveness of quest. As imagery is simply descriptive language that evokes sensory experience, it can appeal to any of the sense, and not just the standard five. (Wikipedia) Through imagery , one is able to understand the quests true implications and whether or not they grasped the basis of its knowledge. In essence, imagery shows the effectiveness of the quest, however does not show the development of the quest as the plot. The plot gradually allows for the development of the quest. The adventure archetype begins off as a jolly adventure with no threat to the status quo, yet ends up in a quest with crucial and decisive matters. Bilbo is disturbed from his routine by an unexpected visit and finds himself on a voyage. It is true that what begins in adventure may end in a quest. Tolkiens The Hobbit appears at first to be adventure. (Fantasy, 101). Not until the graver implications of the novel emerge, does the adventure become more significant. Then Bilbo longs for the common life of the hobbits, yet he also realizes that he cannot regain such life without completing the quest. Each part in the adventure archetype plays a role in the development of Bilbo and the quest. leaving home is the root of his maturation process as he embarks on the voyage, and the call to adventure signifies essentially the reason for questing. Through the belly of the whale, Bilbo is tested through various confrontations and obstacles, in which he develops more accordingly in his growth as a hero. As well, the confrontation with the enemy is the resolution of the conflict, as the strife against evil. Therefore, the plot moves in such a linear fashion due to the adventure archetype scene -by-scene, confrontations after confrontations. The plot also shows the development of quest through the systematic process of the adventure archetype hence, the quest is developed throughout each part. Therefore, the structure of the quest directly relates to the plot. Nevertheless, each element of the novel derives from the quest. The character emphasizes on the purpose of quest, for it is the protagonists journey, spiritual and physical. Imagery demonstrates the effectiveness of the qu est due to the overview image one is able to establish through it. Moreover, the plot exemplifies the development of the quest because of the adventure archetype, which follows a linear patter in sync with the plot, and quest. The dominance of the quest is clear through the development of each elements of the novel. So, why would one need to undertake a personal journey? Is the purpose of a quest truly and simply to gain wealth? Quests are experienced as a sentimental reminder of ones authentic values in life. The personal growth and maturation is what makes each quest unique. The quest is always toward final solution. Moreover, it is toward a joy which may transcend individual sacrifice in the sense that things are, by virtue of a completion of the quest, well with the world. (Fantasy, 104)Cited WorksTolkien, J.R.R. The Hobbit. Great Britain HarperCollinsPublisher, 1937.Fantasy. Canada greenhaven, 2002.CliffNotes. 2003 .

A milimeter too far Essay -- Medical Research

A millimetre too far Discuss metastatic melanoma (skin cancer) with particular reference to the genes involve. Introduction In 2008 11,767 new cases of malignant melanoma was reported in the UK (UK, 2011) . Melanoma involves melanocytes of the skin which have a role in protecting the deeper layers of the skin from UV absolved emitted from the sun. Metastatic melanoma occurs when a primary tumour travels into the bloodstream and spreads to other body parts i.e. liver or lymph nodes. The survival rate for people with metastatic melanoma decreases the later the diagnosis and the bigger the spread (metastasis) of the cancer. Scientists have therefore investigated ways in which treatment for melanoma can be improved by diagnostic markers and by targeting the genes involved in the development of melanocytes also the genes involved in lawless proliferation as seen in metastatic melanoma. BRAFV600E Mutation of BRAF gene (a element of the RAF family of serine-theronine kinase (Gorden et al., 2003) has led to countless research on therapeutic treatments that target BRAF gene and inhibit its expression. Before melanoma gets to the metastatic stages there are a serial of somatic mutations in melanocyte genes that leads to the transition from radial growth phase to vertical growth phase (Tan, 2012). Over activation of BRAF gene (somatic mutation) in melanoma leads to the uncontrolled proliferation and survival of melanoma cells via activation of the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway (Gorden et al., 2003) the attachment of BRAF to RAS proteins activates the MAPK pathway involved in melanoma proliferation and the regulation of genes involved in the metastatic cascade. Recent studies showed that 92% of melanoma samples had a substitution (l... ...M., Elder, D. E., Hsu, M. Y., & Herlyn, M. (1994). Regulation of Mel-CAM/MUC18 expression on melanocytes of different stages of tumor progression by normal keratinocytes. Research Support, U.S. Govt, P.H.S.. Am J Pathol, 145(4), 837-845. T an, W. W. H., J.E.Schulman, P. (2012, 29 Feb 2012). Malignant Melanoma Retrieved 15 March, 2012, from http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/280245-overviewToh, B., Wang, X. J., Keeble, J., Sim, W. J., Khoo, K., Wong, W. C., . . . Abastado, J. P. (2011). Mesenchymal Transition and Dissemination of Cancer Cells Is Driven by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Infiltrating the Primary Tumor. Plos Biology, 9(9). doi ARTN e1001162DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001162UK, C. r. (Producer). (2011, April 5). scramble cancer - UK incidence statistics. Retrieved from http//info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/skin/incidence/Trends

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare, the most famous of all English writers, has writtenmany works. One such work is Much dither About Nothing, a funniness that includeshumor, love, and deceit. Several incidents in the life of the author influencedhim to write this play in the fashion that he did. These events come from hislife and the point in history in which he lived, thus producing Much Ado Aboutnothing.     Shakespeares life has very much to do with the style of his writing ashis stories are from his past experiences. Shakespeare had a life that involvedboth the good and bad aspects of love. He was married for a short while,however, the marriage was suspected to be an disquieted one because he spent muchof his later life away from his family. Shakespeares misfortune in love isshown in Much Ado About Nothing when it is said, "Speak secondary if you speak love."(Shakespeare). Contrary to this, the positive side of love is apparent   & nbsp      "Friendship is constant in all other thingsSave in the office and personal matters of love           Therefore all hearts in love use their own tongues           Let every eye negotiate itself           And trust no agent." (Shakespeare)So let it be known, Shakespeare obviously learned a great deal about lovethroughout the course of his life. He learned not completely the good, but also thebad, and in this, love plays a major role in Much Ado About Nothing (Wright 10-13).     Another element utilize in Much Ado About Nothing is deceit. This deceitinvolves a conflict between two brothers in which one wants to keep the otherunhappy and unwed. This conflict is present as it is said, "Theres a skirmishof wit between them." (Shakespeare). Shakespeare, in his life, had somedeceitful things constrain ed upon him where he was cheated out of something. He wasforced out of school at an early age of fifteen to help his father financially.Furthermore, he was forced into marrying a women that was eight years older thanhimself because she was triad months pregnant. In result of his unsuccessfulmarriage, it is reason enough for him involving love and deceit as one in thisplay. So Shakespeare also understands deceit as he incorporated it into MuchAdo About Nothing ("Shakespeare, William").     Contrary to love and deceit, Shakespeare uses comedy as the third andfinal element of the play. Comedy is what gives Much Ado About Nothing itscheerful happiness and wit that gives this play its recognition. Shakespearehad many happy experiences in his life due to his great success in world a