Principles of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Standards of Finance - Essay Example The organization ought to be increasingly keen on gradual incomes in contrast with the absolute incomes in light of the fact that steady incomes would mirror the expansion in the incomes from the venture though the organization could in any case be demonstrating positive all out benefits regardless of whether the undertaking is having a misfortune. Accordingly it is increasingly imperative to utilize the steady incomes as by utilizing this strategy, the organization would have the option to examine the peripheral advantages that the undertaking would provide for the organization and in the event that the gradual incomes are certain, at that point the venture ought to be acknowledged. The organization ought not utilize the steady benefits since it would likewise mirror the expansion in the bookkeeping benefits from the task as opposed to demonstrating the incomes. Additionally the all out benefits or gradual incomes ought not be utilized to take capital planning choice in light of the fact that a firm can in any case be in positive absolute benefits or positive steady benefits regardless of whether it is experiencing negative incomes. Subsequently, utilizing the steady incomes would be the best strategy for the firm. ... As devaluation is a cost, and along these lines the higher the estimation of the deterioration cost, the lower would be the bookkeeping benefits of the organization and in this way the lower measure of expense the organization needs to pay in this way devaluation would impact the incomes as such. Part C: Sunk Costs and its Affect On Cash Flows When capital planning strategies are utilized to assess the achievability of the task, sunk expenses are disregarded. The fundamental spotlight in on the gradual incomes especially the steady incomes after derivation of assessments as they for the most part mirror the incomes toward the end the organization would get. Regardless of what the choice has been made on the acknowledgment or dismissal of the task, the sunk expenses would in any case happen (Khan, 1993) and this would imply that sunk expenses are not to be considered as gradual incomes. In this manner joining the sunk expense in the capital planning method would be unessential. Part D : Initial Project Outlay Initial task expense is the measure of venture that would be required for the undertaking. The underlying cost for this would be: Initial Project Outlay = All costs identified with the Plant and hardware including transportation and establishment costs + increase in the working capital as a result of the undertaking Here, the establishment and delivery cost is $100,000 Plant and gear cost is $7,900,000 Increment in working capital is $100,000 So, Initial Project Outlay = $8,100,000 Part E: Differential Cash Flows Over The Project's Life Operating Cash Flow: Â 1 Â 2 Â 3 Â 4 Â 5 Revenue 21,000,000 36,000,000 42000000 24000000 15600000 Variable Cost 12600000 21600000 25200000 14400000 10800000 Â 8,400,000 14,400,000 16,800,000 9,600,000 4,800,000 Depreciation cost $1,600,000

To Kill a Mockingbird Courage Essay Example For Students

To Kill a Mockingbird Courage Essay In our general public, numerous individuals accept that boldness is indicated exclusively through physical demonstrations of risk. Our people group approvals those individuals who put their lives in danger through grave peril to demonstrate there fearlessness, however individuals frequently ignore mental fortitude isn t consistently appeared through quality. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, various measures of characters show their boldness in manners that don't really require physical capacities, however are mental. They really show mind over issue. One Person who shows a lot of mental fortitude is Mrs. Dubose. Mrs. Dubose surrendered her morphine dependence which was troublesome and difficult. We will compose a custom paper on To Kill a Mockingbird Courage explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Atticus discloses to the peruser Mrs. Dubose s enduring: Jem when you re as old as she seems to be, it s good to take anything (morphine) to make it simpler, yet it wasn t OK for her she intended to break herself of it before she bites the dust, and that s what she did. (111). Mrs. Dubose was likewise gutsy in light of the fact that she realized she was going to bite the dust however was still feeling great and needed to kick the bucket without any second thoughts, this demonstrated genuine mental fortitude: I needed you to perceive what genuine boldness is its when you know you re licked before you start, yet you start in any case and you see it through regardless of what Mrs. Dubose won she kicked the bucket under obligation to nothing and no one. (112). Jem and Scout had no regard for Mrs. Dubose in light of the fact that she was mean to them and ridiculed Atticus, however all she was doing was standing up for her own convictions regardless of what anyone thought: After each one of those things she said about you, a woman? She was. She had her own perspectives about things, a ton not quite the same as mine possibly. (112). As should be obvious Mrs. Dubose is a sheer case of fortitude that doesn t require physical, yet mental boldness. Boo Radley shows boldness much mental fortitude moreover. He shows boldness genuinely, however more critically intellectually. Boo was attempting to reach them by coming out of the house, despite the fact that he was bolted inside for a long time: As we went to the live oaks at the Radley Place I raised my finger to point for the hundredth time where I had discovered the biting gum and ended up pointing at another bit of tinfoil. (34). Boo likewise shows fearlessness by coming out once more, with the exception of this time many individuals were out. Atticus tells that it was Boo who warmed them: Looks like all of Maycomb was out this evening, somehow Someday, perhaps, Scout can express gratitude toward him for concealing her. Thank who? Scout says. Boo Radley. You were so bustling taking a gander at the fire you didn t know it when he put the cover around you. (71, 72). Another way Boo shows fortitude is the point at which he spares the youngsters s lives. This took the most fearlessness since he came out of the house at that point got into a battling battle clarifies Scout: He gradually pressed the inhale out of me. I was unable to move. Out of nowhere he was jolted in reverse and flung on the ground, nearly conveying me with him the fighting clamors were kicking the bucket: somebody wheezed and the night was still again the man was strolling with staccato strides of somebody conveying a heap to overwhelming for him . He was conveying Jem his lips separated into a shy grin, and our neighbor s picture obscured with my abrupt tears. (262,263). Boo Radley really shows mental fortitude in this novel. Atticus Finch shows the most mental fortitude in To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus shows mental fortitude in numerous and in various ways. Atticus shows boldness by shooting Tim Johnson, the pooch, despite the fact that Heck Tat cautions him of the results of missing: For God s purpose, Mr. Finch, look where he is (Tim Johnson)! .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c , .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .postImageUrl , .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c , .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:hover , .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:visited , .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:active { border:0!important; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:active , .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2 adb41eeb16a50c .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u46100e5af28a3056a2adb41eeb16a50c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Abigail And Characters EssayMiss and you ll go straight into the Radley house! I would t be able to shoot that well and you know it! (96). Atticus shows a ton of boldness by taking the Tom Robinson case. This took a ton of fortitude since it was a larger part supremacist town, Atticus examines taking the preliminary with Uncle Jack: and I trust and ask I can Jem and Scout get past it without sharpness, and a large portion of all, without coming down with Maycomb s common infection (prejudice) I simply trust Jem and Scout come to me for their answers as opposed to tuning in to the town. 88). Atticus shows the most boldness in light of why he takes the case. He takes the case since he thinks its ethically right: on the off chance that I didn t I couldn t hold my head around, I couldn t speak to this district governing body, I couldn t even let you know or Jem something again on the grounds that I would never request that you mind me again. (75,76). Atticus shows genuine character and fortitude in this story. That is the sort of diligence and boldness that everybody ought to be respected. In To Kill a Mockingbird, numerous characters show genuine fearlessness. Genuine boldness doesn't need to be a physical, truth be told, genuine fearlessness is typically intellectually. Mrs. Dubose shows genuine fortitude with breaking her morphine dependence, Boo shows genuine mental fortitude by coming out of the house after each one of those years, and Atticus unquestionably shows genuine boldness by taking the Tom Robinson case all in all. To Kill a Mockingbird really demonstrates that fortitude doesn't need to be by physical methods.

Whats on Your Mind, Illini

Whats on Your Mind, Illini Good evening, future Illini! As the school year kicks up into full swing, its time for me to get back into blogging mode. I couldnt be more excited for this upcoming school year, and all of the advice I have to give you. Gif from Giphy.com But before I start going off on a tangent about the transitions from high school to college, youth to adulthood, etc., I thought I would use this first (well, second really) post to ask YOU what youd like me to discuss this semester. As you, the future of the University of Illinois, are the ones reading and responding to my advice, what better way to choose my topics than you yourself? If you have great ideas, topics, or fears that you would like me to talk about this semester, comment below and I will cover as much as I can in the most helpful way I know how: through my experiences as an Illini. I cant wait to see what you guys come up with! Get thinking! Gif from Giphy.com Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Transportation, Globalization And International Trade

Home Contents Chapter 5 Concept 2 Transportation, Globalization and International Trade Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. The Flows of Globalization In a global economy, no nation is self-sufficient. Each is involved at different levels in trade to sell what it produces, to acquire what it lacks and also to produce more efficiently in some economic sectors than its trade partners. International Trade. An exchange of goods or services across national jurisdictions. Inbound trade is defined as imports and outbound trade is defined as exports. Subject to the regulatory oversight and taxation of the involved nations, namely through customs. As supported by conventional economic theory, trade promotes economic efficiency by providing a wider variety of goods, often at lower costs, notably because of specialization, economies of scale and the related comparative advantages. The main theoretical foundations of international trade include: †¢ Mercantilism. A trade system where a nation tried to impose a positive trade balance (more exports than imports, particularly value-wise) on other nations to favor the accumulation of wealth. This system was prevalent during the colonial era and often undertaken by charter companies receiving a monopoly on trade. Mercantilism represents the antithesis of free trade since trade relations are controlled and aligned to benefit one partner at the expense of the other. Still, mercantilism established the foundations of a global tradingShow MoreRelatedEconomic Globalization And The Global Economy972 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication sharing technology, the push for free trade agreements, and the sustaining of a prolonged period of international peace, globalization has rapidly taken over political discourse and dealings. The emphasis, in recent decades, has been towards economic globalization with the push for international stock exchanges, and the development of the Internationa l Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Economic globalization is the development of an interdependent andRead MoreAn Analysis Of The International Logistics Systems1481 Words   |  6 Pagesefficient and reliable transportation mechanisms for their supply chains (Coyle et al. 2015). In addition, the various firms or companies have to contend with the fact that the increased distances of transportation come with its fair share of risks. The firms need to carry out risk assessment to deal with the unexpected processes. From another point of view, the firms need to make several compromises as they enter into various agreements that will ensure that the transportation processes are well integratedRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalization with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent era of globalization with the first age of globalization (1850s-1920s). What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in its current context? Word count: 1530   Unit Coordinator: Dr Tony Ramsay I am going to contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization in many different aspects, in the mean time analysis the merits and demerits of　globalization in its current context. John and Kenneth (2012, p. 28) find that the concept of globalization means theRead MoreThe Seven Interrelated Variables that have Helped Globalization862 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Business behaviour business transactions everywhere throughout the world. These transactions incorporate the goods, services, technology, managerial knowledge, and capital to other countries. International Business includes export and imports. Global Business is moreover alluded to, called or escaped as a Global Business or an International Marketing. According to dictionary.com (n.d), International trade is the trade of exchange of goods or services along international borders. ThisRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The United States1454 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is an extremely relevant concept in regards to the current shape of the world. Through globalization, ideas are shared across cultures leading to innovations in several departments. I would like to give an overall view and perspective of the impact of globalization on the United States from a macro look at how globalization is now shaping America. Likewise, I will discuss in more detail how globalization has impacted the United States as it relates to technology, trade, transportationRead MoreGlobalization Of The Cross Border Trade And Investment Opportunities1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe perceived distance between the cross-border trade and investment opportunities are shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications technology is known as globalization. Globalization not only affects the consumers but also organizations. Barriers to globalization include distance, time zones, languages, not to mention the national differences in government regulations, culture, and business systems. The bus known as globalization is driven by an organizations need to expand,Read More The Elimination of the Middle Class1256 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network by transportation, communication, and trade. Through a global lens the process of globalization seems to be vital to the development of the modern world. As a result of globalization there has been a dramatic transition in every aspect of life around the world, more specifically in areas such as trade, immigration, and human development. International trade bolsters salesRead MoreGlobal Market Liberalisation : Globalization1117 Words   |  5 Pages The word globalization can be defined in many ways. It involves a change in economic status, political status, economy, and international intervening, including trade. Global trade has been on the increase and has expanded over time. Trade helps in decreasing poverty levels and providing others with what they need. The growth of world trade has averaged 6 percent per year, over the past 20 years. That is twice as fast as the output in the world. The definition of globalization includes the processRead MoreNeoliberal Globalization:Transformation and Development1021 Words   |  5 PagesIn the era of neoliberal globalization, states have more interconnectedness and interdependence with each other for the global economy to prosper. Meanwhile, Significant changes have occurred in the nature of international trade and commodity production for the past decades. These changes also lead to new geographic, social, and political divisions of labor worldwide. Moreover, social and political consequences of these transformations have begun to take effects on a global scale. In this essay IRead MoreGlobalization of Supply Chain Management1422 Words   |  6 PagesConclusions The globalization of supply chain management is the natural outcome of today’s expanding consumer markets as companies struggle to meet the dynamic needs of growing markets and new customer segments. It has led to a high degree of specialization under an ever-expanding world market. People with special skills can work with little overheads and market globally. Small companies can flourish. Introduction The pace of globalization on the supply chain continues to foster opportunities

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 2070 Words

Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize that the slight lack of power women seem to have nowadays has lessened with time, in all areas. Even though many may argue that men have an abuse of power in modern times, women have far more rights in government and society’s standings than they once had . A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen sheds light on the typical role of women in 1870’s Norway, showing how women were treated then: almost as objects with no real important place in society. This gives modern readers a clear view of how many more opportunities th at women have nowadays. This essay will combat the derogatory view of women that many people may still have yet how it has lessened and changed . It will examine the role of men in the time period of the play as well. This essay will look into Ibsen’s life and motives for writing, because not only did he choose to give light to feminism, but he alluded to looking down on the role of men. It will explore what themes in the play that relate to Ibsen’s personal life. This essay will also explore the minds of the characters in theShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signed

A Short Note On Lacunae s Laws Protecting Children...

Title of Paper-Lacunae in Laws protecting children against online sexual abuse in India By Karnika Seth, Advocate (BA (Eng Hons), LL.B (D.U), LL.M (King’s College ,U.K) Phd. Research Scholar (NIU) Abstract In the digital age, there has been an unprecedented growth in both the use and dependency on internet, particularly among children populace. Whereas increased use of information technology by children has some positive dimensions, there is a glaring flipside, the concern over growing child abuse cases on the Internet. Reliable statistics point that India is home to 19% of World’s children and the production and distribution of child abuse images has become a rampant problem in India. According to a 2007 study conducted by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare in India, wherein over 12,000 children were studied for child abuse, 4.4% of them were found to have been victims of child pornography. Children face a number of threats in the online world, including cyberbullying, sexual harassment, cyber grooming, sexting, phishing, photo morphing, identity thefts, amongst other cybercrimes. In India, while the Information Technology Act,2000 (IT Act) and the Protection of Children From Sexual Offences Act,2012 (POCSO Act)are special legislations that declare certain illegal acts directed at children online as punishable offences, the existing statutes fail to define many of such offences and/or address other emerging cybercrimes targeting children for sexual abuse. For example,

Business Law Cases

Questions: 1. Advise three friends what they should take into consideration when making up their minds if they should set up their business as a general partnership (unincorporated) or as a limited liability company (incorporated)? 2. A business associate, who has taken on a new role as Operations Manager of a small business, has asked you to help her to explain the difference between an employee and an independent contractor to her Managing Director? 3. Your colleague has missed classes and asks you to help him catch up on the European Union (EU) elements of the module. Write a short report for him, explaining the significance of both monist and dualist legal systems and the difference between EU Regulations and Directives? Answers: Introduction to assignment:- This assignment contains three questions regarding business law cases. First question is about unincorporated partnership and incorporated LLP. Second question is about the distinction between the contractor and an employee. Third question is about European Union elements of the module. Other part of the question asks about significance of both monist and dualist legal systems and the difference between EU regulations and Directives. 1. Three friends are making their mind to set up their business as a general partnership or as a Limited Liability Company. We are required to guide them what important points need due consideration while starting a business as general partnership or as a limited liability company. Provisions of partnership are covered by different partnership acts. General partnership is covered by partnership Act 1890. General partnership is one of the business forms. In general partnership, more than two people start up a business with the aim of earning profits. Partners in general partnership are jointly and severally liable for the liabilities of the business. The provisions of The Limited Partnership Act 1907 are applicable to the limited partnership. In limited partnership, sleeping partners may become partners but they would have limited liability compared to active partners. Limited partnership can be created by all the sleeping partners. Provisions of The Limited Liability partnership Act 2000 are applicable to Limited Liability partnership. Partners may have limited and specific liability under Limited Liability partnership and it would be considered as a separate legal person. Though, it will be considered as partnership for tax and it would not be subject to much regulations. Now, lets discuss the points to be kept in mind while setting up a business as a partnership. Below given are some common points when deciding about setting up a business as a partnership or a limited liability partnership. First of all, partners should decide what kind of partnership they want to enter into. Accordingly the partnership act will be made applicable based on the type of partnership. Name should be given to the partnership and it should be registered with the appropriate authority. 1. Before setting up a business as partnership and while drawing up a partnership agreement, share of profits and losses should be decided first. Definite percentage of profits and losses should be decided so that disputes may not arise at a later point. 2. Capital contribution of every partner should be definite. Capital contribution is an important feature of a business as without capital contribution business cannot be started. 3. Authority and responsibility of every partner should be clarified to smoothen the functioning of business. Separation of authorities and responsibilities will make the running of business proper. 4. Opening of a bank account and management of a bank account should be made properly. 5. The ownership of assets of partners should be defined. Which partner will own which asset and to what extent should be clarified. 6. Terms and conditions related to withdrawal and interest on loan as well as interest on withdrawal should be defined. The agreement should be made taking into account the provisions of partnership acts. 7. Management of accounts of the partnership should be given to the specific partner to remove the difficulties of a business. 8. Terms regarding entrance and removal o a partner should be clarified properly. 9. The circumstances when the partnership will come to an end should be included in the partnership agreement. 10. After removal or resignation of a partner the condition that would apply to him regarding competing with their rivals should be clarified. Above given are few of the common points that should be considered while drawing up a partnership agreement. Another part of question one is about Limited Liability Company. We are required to state the point to be considered while setting up a business as Limited Liability Company. first, lets understand whats Limited Liability Company. Its one of the business structures where the liabilities of the shareholders are limited. The liabilities of the companies are not directly the legal liabilities of the shareholders. To start up a business with limited liability, one should decide the company name, register it with the registrar and an official UK address which will be the registered office of your company where the documentation will be kept and all the communications will be made. All the other businesses and activities of the company will be included in the MOA. MOA of the company generally contains following points:- 1. Company name should be specified in the MOA. It should not contain any sensitive names. However, it should only contain limited word at the end. 2. Location of the registered office should be specified in the MOA. Office of registered office should be in UK. 3. Objects of the company should be defined in the MOA. What business your company would carry, main as well incidental objects should be included in MOA. 4. The liabilities of the members should be limited. This means shareholders liability would be limited up the value of the shares they hold. 5. Amount of share capital should be specified. Authorised as well as all other type of capitals like subscribed, called up, paid up should be defined. 2. A business associate has taken on a new role an operations manager of a small business. She needs to explain her managing director the distinction between a contractor and an employee. Employees are the persons working under an employer who can be part time as well as full time employees. Employees are bound by the instructions given by the employers. When people decide to hire people to work under them, there emerge two possibilities; they may hire either employees or independent contractors. Like, if want to construct a special set for an award function and you employ some carpenter to create specific type of banquet according to your specification then that carpenter be called the independent contractor. Difference between employees and independent contractors:- Employee:- Hiring an employee leads to payment of payroll taxes on that employee. Apart from payroll taxes another obligation may be to make unemployment and workers compensation to the appropriate government agency. Another important feature of employees is that you can train them the way you want and make them work for certain hours at specific place. Employees work only for the employer they are hired by. They are paid on a regular basis. Employees work for certain number of hours. Employees can be fired or can be made to quit the job. Moreover, employees receive employment benefits like health and disability insurance. Employees work under the control of the employer and according to the direction of the employer. They complete the task given in the manner decided of requested by the employer. They dont need to invest any amount in the work they do for their employer or make any specific expenditure to finish up the task. Employees have general education and a specific background to work fo r specific position and they get proper training from the employer to work in a specific manner and to complete the job in a better way. They get salary from the employer at regular interval of time after deduction of their taxes and security taxes and medical taxes under federal Insurance Contributions Act. Employees get unemployment compensation from the employer after termination or lay off. They also receive workers compensation benefits for any workplace injury. Employment of an employee can be fired for specific reason and with serving of a specific notice. There are specific rules and regulations for minimum wages and overtime hours under which the employees are governed. Employees are even covered under laws related to safety at workplace and anti-discrimination. They can even create or join a union. Independent contractors:- Contractors are already trained persons who work for themselves and not for anyone else which means they work on independent basis and not under the employment of any person. They already have learned their job skills anywhere else. They are free to do their work according to the mutual consent of both the parties. The product will be delivered according to the specifications of the person hiring the contractor but the way of performing and completing the task will be decided by the contractor himself. They cant be forced to work in a certain way or for certain specific hour or at a specific location. Unlike employees, contractors may have other clients. Contractors are not paid on regular basis like employees but they are paid on project basis. Working hours can be decided by the contractors. They may work according to their convenience. Contractors cant be fired usually like employees. Both the parties are bound by the contract made. Employer or contractor may have to pay certain c ompensation if any of them breaches the contract terms or cancel the contract. Contractors provide services to more than one company. They dont receive employment benefits like employees receive. They work independently according to their own wish. They accomplish their work according to their choice and they can do so without the input of employer. They have to incur the costs as well as investments to accomplish the task given. They come with specific job skills of their own. They dont need to be trained by the employer for completing the task. They pay their tax dues on their own. Employers are not obliged to pay the taxes on behalf of them like employees. They are not even subject to FICA taxes. Contractors are not even given the benefits of unemployment compensation. Employers can fire contractors anywhere at any time unless the contract specifies the terms related to the same. Contractors are paid according to the terms and conditions of the contract and they are not eligible to specific other compensations like employee receive. Contractors are not even covered under the laws of safety at workplace or anti-discrimination. Contractors are not entitled to form or join a union. This way employee and contractors differ from each other. 3. European Union:- European Union is an association of 28 states which are its members and which are specifically situated in Europe. The European Union works with the help of certain institutions and intergovernmental decisions by the member states. Its partnership between 28 members states that together cover most of the European continent. EU was created after Second World War. The first motive of the EU was to expand economic co-operation between the countries who trade with one another and is become economically interdependent. This was decided to remove the conflicts. European Economic Community was resulted from this in the year 1958. Initially, it was the union of 6 countries. After that, a wide market has been created and its continuing to develop to its potential. In the year 1993, the name changed to EU from EEC. EU works on a rule of law. Whatever EU does is based on treaties, voluntarily and independently agreed by all the countries. EUs goals are decided by the binding agreements set out. Mobility, stability, growth and single currency are the goals of EU. EU has till date help people raising their standard of living, delivered peace among countries, gave prosperity and launched a single currency named EURO. EU countries boarder control abolition has played major role in success of EU. People now-a-days can travel freely across all the continents of EU. The single market has enabled the different things like currency, people, services and goods to move freely across the nation. Another main goal of EU is to create huge resources si that people can get maximum benefit from it. European parliament is the main runner of EU. Wide powers are given European parliament. European parliament, national parliaments and European institutions play grea ter role in proper running of the EU. European citizens are also taking part in political success of Europe. Significance of Monist and Dualist legal systems:- Monist and Dualist are the international laws. Question here is how the international laws can be applied to domestic legal systems. Monist legal system says that, both the national laws and international laws form a unity. Therefore, in Monist concept international laws need not to be converted into laws of national countries. The international treaties ratification instantly converts international laws into national one. Therefore, the judicial decisions of ICC can be applied to national court cases. However, Monist system has different approaches in itself. Some of constitutions permit immediate application of international laws while in other constitutions direct application takes place only for self executing treaties. In Dualist system, international law cant be directly applied to the national law. It should first be translated into national law and then application of the same to domestic law is possible. Therefore, in Dualist system only ratification of international law is not enough and implementation of national legislation is necessary. Difference between EU regulation and directives:- EU regulations are binding on all over the EU continents. Like, when EU decided to save the names of agricultural products from specific areas then the council did the needful and adopted a regulation. It is addressed to all the members of state and they were fully applied. They can be applied without the need of national legislation. Directives mean goals decided by the EU which are required to be achieved by the member countries must achieve. However, the process of achieving that goal can be decided by the countries on their own. This happened with the working time directives, according to which overtime work was illegal. It was given that minimum rest period and maximum working hours were decided which all the countries were required to follow. However, how to implement that was every countrys own matter of thinking. References:- ANON, N.D., Unincorporated Association, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Partnerships, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Partnerships, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., The Partnership Act 1890, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Limited Liability, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Limited Liability Companies, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Difference Between Employees and Contractors, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Difference Between Employees and Contractors, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Significance of Dualist and Monist, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., European Union, Accessed on 7th August 2015,

Philosophical Suicide

Introduction Philosophy can be defined as the desire to acquire wisdom and knowledge on life. It thus deals with a person’s intelligence on aspects of life that an individual has developed an interest in. Camus, for instance, developed an interest in understanding the human nature and how humans respond to the environment. This paper seeks to discuss the argument made by Camus over philosophical suicide. The paper will look into what Camus defined as psychological suicide with the aim of evaluating the decision that was made by Camus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Suicide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Suicide The origin of Camus’ argument over philosophical suicide is based on the concept of nature being abstract and thus making it very hard for people to fully and clearly understand it. Camus had the views that it would be difficult, if not impossible to digest and understand the world in a reasonable way thus presenting a conflict in human beings who want to have a rational life. The inability of humans to develop an understanding of the world has also resulted in people’s internal conflict as expectations fall apart to what nature dictates upon people. He explained that absurdity is a result of questions that are asked in life following occurrences that are not understood. Such questions, owing to their lack of answers bring the awareness that nature is abstract. One of the thoughts that Camus laid down for his argument is the idea that once the abstract nature of the world is revealed to an individual, a person develops attitudes that are connected to the urge to die, bringing in elements of suicide among people (Sandres and Skoble 121). Available options The conflict that is created by the existence of absurdity of nature enlists reactions from individuals to try and understand nature for an appropriate response. According to Camus, there are just but a few available options that an individual has in the face of the abstract nature of the world. These options are â€Å"actual suicide, philosophical suicide and revolt† (Sandres and Skoble 122). The option of actual suicide involves the termination of an individual’s life in a bid to eliminate the problem experienced due to absurdity. The other available response to nature’s abstract condition is revolt against it. Revolt, however, has the effect of torturing an individual as well as being quite demanding. In revolt, a person will, for example, have to abandon weaknesses in order to be able to endure the effects that are caused by inability to understand or even react to nature. Philosophical suicide on the other hand involves an assumption of the complexity presented by nature. Under this response, a person isolates self from the existence of nature by suppressing knowledge towards nature. Philosophical suicide takes a safer ground that is not available in revolt under which a person still ends up being alienated in life like in the case of suicide (Sandres and Skoble 123).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The abstract nature of the world poses problems that can only be solved through three ways. Suicide and revolt either technically or implicitly eliminates an individual from the world leaving philosophical suicide as the neutral and safer resort. Philosophical suicide is thus the comfort zone among the three options. A fair opinion will therefore concur with Camus that once in it a person cannot easily walk out of philosophical suicide. Work Cited Sandres, Steven and Skoble Aenon. The philosophy of TV noir. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. Print. This essay on Philosophical Suicide was written and submitted by user Amari Perez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Your College Application in 650 Words or Less

Your College Application in 650 Words or Less Last August, Sarah Vander Schaaff interviewed me about working with college students on their application essays. Here is her article, edited for The Essay Expert and updated for 2015-16! In 650 words or less, describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there and why is it meaningful? Or In 650 words or less, recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn? Or In 650 words or less, discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. You are now sitting in the shoes of a high school senior, thank you very much. These questions are a few of the prompts on the 2015-16 Common Application for college. They are slightly changed from last years’ says Brenda Bernstein, the professional resume writer, personal statement coach, and business copywriter behind the Essay Expert, and for some students facing the questions, answering them is hardly simple. â€Å"High school students don’t all have life coaches standing by,† Brenda told me when I spoke to her on the phone this summer. â€Å"They don’t step back and reflect on their lives.† Sometime between August and five days before applications are due, Brenda gets a call for help. If the student has already written an essay, she takes a look at it and determines the level of help it might need–anything from some minor fixes to  an overhaul.  And it’s here when Brenda goes back to the basic creed that good writing requires good thinking. â€Å"By the end of the first conversation they have an outline for a new essay and new thoughts. I have the students tell me what they see as the way the essay is going to go.† Bernstein says students struggle when they â€Å"†¦ know stuff that happened in their lives and they’ve drawn broad conclusions or they have conclusions that they think they should draw.† Parents divorcing, for example, is a major life event that sometimes deserves a deeper look. â€Å"They know they got a lesson from it,† she said. But the true lesson is not always the one they initially thought. Bernstein says she got an early start thinking about college applications. Her father interviewed applicants for Yale as part of the school’s alumni committee. Later, he’d let her read the interview reports. â€Å"I would read a lot of them,† she said. While at Yale herself, friends applying to graduate schools often asked her to edit their essays. Later, while working as a public interest lawyer in New York, she started posting flyers offering her editing services. And in a move that would make a pretty good essay itself, she decided she didn’t want to practice law, sought advice from an astrologer, and moved to Madison, Wisconsin where she still lives seven years later. Her site offers help not only for students, but also for professionals seeking a better resume or LinkedIn profile. The Essay Expert’s essay consultations range in price from $697 for Common Application essay help to $247 for a personal statement review- far less than some boot camps described in The New York Times that cost $14,000 for 4 days. Essays, Bernstein says, are 6th on a list of 10 criteria colleges look at for admissions. â€Å"If students can’t write this type of essay without help, should they get into the college?† I asked Bernstein. She said pretty much all students get help, whether that’s from a parent, a teacher, or a paid professional (26 percent employing the latter). In school, students also have access to writing help if they need it. â€Å"A smart student- and professional- will get input and support on every important piece of writing they submit, especially when so much is riding on it. What’s important is that they write it in their own voice.† Furthermore, explains Bernstein, â€Å"I find that as they work with me they become much better writers.† Part of what she teaches them, she added, was to look at what about their lives and experiences fit together as a story. What The Essay Expert is doing appears to be the counterpoint to the technique explained by Frank Bruni in his June opinion piece in The New York Times, Naked Confessions of the College-Bound: Oversharing in Admissions Essays. Bruni tells of one Yale applicant’s essay.  A highly qualified student wanted to highlight her complete absorption with French and her teacher, â€Å"she described their one-on-one conversation at the end of a school day. And then, this detail: During their talk, when an urge to go to the bathroom could no longer be denied, she decided not to interrupt the teacher or exit the room. She simply urinated on herself.† Bruni cites similar examples, and quotes author Sally Rubenstone, who calls this type of behavior, â€Å"†¦the Jerry Springer-ization of the college admissions essay.† Coaches like Bernstein can help rein in the conflicting messages our children receive when they mistake the shock-factor for good writing. But the real work for these essays begins long before the fall of senior year. As parents, we need to give our children moments to reflect on their own lives, and genuine experiences to mull about as individuals without the constant pressure to document every minute of it. When I taught public speaking, I asked students to give a biographical speech touching on three major aspects of their lives. Many talked about a sport, or a hobby, or a pet. But almost all included this as part of those three defining elements of biography: a family tradition. The next time you fret about not giving your kid every opportunity to fill his or her resume, think about what it takes to be able to reflect on one’s own life. As the Essay Expert asks, â€Å"How well did you know yourself at the end of high school?†

Establishing a legitimate business enterprise in the UK Assignment

Establishing a legitimate business enterprise in the UK - Assignment Example A brief description of the type of venture to set up This is a proposal for forming wedding planning company that will be based in London. This company will be aimed at organizing wedding events. The aim of this company will be to ease the burden and hustles experienced by the couples while organizing a wedding event. Through this company, couples can go ahead with their daily activities as the company organizes the ceremony for them. With this wedding planning service that the company, the couple just has to specify their preference for the wedding and the company will provide all the other services before, during and after the wedding ceremony (New York: Cengage Learning, 2004), 37. The other aim of the company will be the need to introduce decorum in this industry that has not been taken seriously (New York: Cengage Learning, 2004), 25. The company will offer an extensive range of services as required by the clients. It will therefore act as a full service planner that handles all the requirements of the wedding from the beginning to the end according to the client’s preferences on color themes, scene, timeline and budget. From the beginning through advice and consultation, the company will assist the clients prepare a timeline schedule for the event to identify the dates and time. It will then assist the client in budgeting for the wedding by advising them. The company will also assist the clients organize the actual wedding ceremony, this will involve activities such as selecting the most appropriate date and venue for the wedding, finding people to officiate the wedding ceremony, choosing the music preference and obtaining all the legal requirements for the wedding to take place. Other services will include contracting other stake holders for the wedding such as florists, caterers, photographers, stationers and car hire companies among others. In addition, the company will also offer advertising services for the wedding through bridal fairs and med ia advertising. After the wedding ceremony, the company will offer the services of advising clients on an ideal destination for their honey moon and clearance of the wedding venue (New York: Cengage Learning, 2004), 64. The legal set up of the venture. The wedding planning company will be formed as a private limited company considering its liability protection, flexibility as well as favorable taxation policies. The company will be registered under the United Kingdom because it will be based there. Therefore, it will operate according to the UK policy governing private limited organizations. The company will be registered to the registrar of companies in the UK for the purpose of monitoring and taxation. In Private limited companies, the owner is not personally held responsible for the liabilities and legal accountability of the company. This factor will be an advantage because in case of liabilities, the most the proprietor of the proposed company will lose is the company and its a ssets. The company will be established in one of the cities of choice so as to serve clients from a wide range of regions and backgrounds. Furthermore, considering the high populations in the cities, there is likely to be more clients there. It will be situated in a presentable place where that will be facilitated with sample decorations, wedding gowns and other materials. After the success of the first establishment then venture

Parts of Human Resources Align and Support the Organization Essay

Parts of Human Resources Align and Support the Organization - Essay Example It is also crucial that these strategies are mutually supportive and complement each other in it’s propose towards the organization. Thus efficient practices of human resource management involve efficient designing and application of HR policies in planning, recruitment, selection, compensation, performance appraisal and training and development too. The importance of these strategies also gets reflected through employee morale, motivation, as well as their efficiency and productivity in the organization. The project brings forth the present human resource conditions in a government contracting company which is primarily a manufacturing enterprise in the infrastructure and energy related sector. The organization manufactures a wide variety of components, namely, boilers, gas generators, gas and hydro turbines, transportation equipments, valves, transmitters etc. The organization incorporates a high quality human resource management culture which gets reflected through its vari ous HRM strategies and policies. ... ction, compensation and benefits, performance appraisals, job designing etc., such that they complement each other and work collectively towards the organization’s purpose and objectives. Based on the analysis the project recommends suitable solutions for the improvement of these strategies with regards to improving employee morale and participation in the organization, enhancing organizational efficiency, productivity and work life balance, and betterment of the culture and climate of the organization too. Parts of Human Resource Systems which support the organization Job Design issues Job designing is particularly done in the organization for meeting requirements of different positions in the organization. However, it is not considered an independent procedure. The importance of job designing is reflected through other human resource management aspects such employee motivation, employee attraction and retention. According to the views of Erven, a well designed job helps in a ccomplishing two important organizational goals. Firstly it helps to get the necessary job completed on time and in a competent manner. It also helps to motivate employees and provide them with challenges at the workplace (Erven, n.d., p.1). Besides serving the purpose of improving motivation and performance, job-design analysis begins by regarding a job from a wide perspective and rapidly moving towards identifying the particular activities required for doing the job. This is particularly done for the purpose of identifying any deficiencies and correcting them which has chances of affecting performance and motivation (Encarnacion, n.d.). An example of job design in the organization will help understand how it complements other HR aspects. Job design for the position of a mechanical engineer in

United Kingdom and the Eurozone

United Kingdom and the Eurozone DEFINITION OF CURRENCY UNION In the world today, systems in which countries come together in agreement of sharing single money. The system is called currency or monetary union, its importance and number of participants is growing. In May 2005, 52 out of 184 IMF members participated in currency unions (Rose, 2006). A currency union can be defined as a system where two or more groups usually countries share a common or single currency in order to keep the value of their currency at a certain level (Investopedia, 2015). It can also be defined as an agreement among member’s countries or other jurisdictions to share a common currency, and a single foreign and monetary exchange policy (Rosa, 2004). Currency unions occur when a poor country unilaterally adopts the money of a larger â€Å"anchor† country. For Example, a number of countries currently use the American dollar such as Panama, Ecuador, and a number of smaller countries and dependencies in the Caribbean and Pacific (Rose, 2006). In Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho and Namibia all use the South African Rand thereby forming a currency union (Multilateral monetary area). In these cases, the exchange and interest rates of dependent countries are influenced and determined by the anchor country, generally in the interest of the anchor. There are a number of multilateral currency unions between countries of similar size and wealth such as the East Caribbean dollar: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia. The Central Bank of the West African of the CFA franc: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo and also the Bank of the Central African States. Other currency unions in the world are the monetary authority Singapore, eastern Caribbean currency union, multilateral monetary area etc. The largest currency union is the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union which began on the 1st January 1999, although the euro was only physically introduced three years later. Twelve countries instituted the euro as a legal tender, delegating and determining monetary policy for EMU to through the international European central bank. One of the reasons of forming a currency union is mainly to synchronize and manage each member countrys monetary policy which could be done through lowering of transaction costs of cross-border trade (Silva and Tenreyro, 2010) The union is expected to grow more with Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia recently joining the area and other states such as Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City unilaterally adopting the euro as their sole currency however, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and the United Kingdom have rejected membership but maintained debates on the advisability of adopting the euro particularly after the onset of the global financial crisis (Carney, 2014). Currency unions have no definite size therefore there is no appropriate domain for a currency. The use of a single or common currency is advantageous to regions as well as can also cause problems in the dual presence of asymmetric shocks and nominal rigidities (in prices and wages) (Mundell, 1961). The effect of the size on currency union tend to create more open and fewer nominal rigidities for smaller countries making them better candidates for currency unions (Mckinnon, 1963). The effects of the economys degree of diversification could result in fewer asymmetric shocks and accordingly fewer benefits from national monetary policy. The insights of the theory of optimum currency areas provided by Mundell (1961) concluded that common currency areas are defined by internal mobility and external immobility of factors of production. According to this theory, the optimum size of currency area depends on the tradeoff between the macroeconomic efficiency gains and micro-economic costs. The forming currency unions have its costs as well as benefits. THE COSTS Generally, the main cost of joining a currency union is the loss of an independent monetary policy with the inability to react to shocks through exchange rate adjustments. Monetary independence can be beneficial when shocks are regionally specific, alternative mechanisms are weak and when exchange rate changes function as means of lightening idiosyncratic shocks Countries that could potentially let their exchange rates adjust to justify the impact of shocks often display fear of floating and thus do not exploit the automatic stabilization properties of exchange rates (Calvo and Reinhart, 2002). Countries reluctance to implement monetary policy to tackle shocks could be linked to its actual effectiveness; less effectiveness of monetary policies to facilitate the adjustment or possibly wider consideration such as fear that it may trigger beggar thy-neighbor responses by trading partners inducing structural volatility in the financial markets. Besides the absence of price adjustment mechanisms, output stabilization and currency revaluation in the currency union faces another challenge. A system of income transfers is necessary for softening negative asymmetric shocks in countries that have joined a currency union however; the prospect of income transfers between countries generates the type of moral hazard commonly seen in insurance models (Grabner, 2003). Another cost of currency unions relate to overcoming structural differences among the countries. The transition towards a monetary union is likely to expose structural weaknesses (Jacquet 1998 and Grabner 2003). By entering a monetary union, countries lose the ability to correct their monetary troubles in short term. The necessary structural reform preceding the acceptances of a single currency focus on issues like taxation, supervision of capital markets and also mutual recognition and harmonization of labor markets (Jacquet 1998). There is also an issue of fiscal financing. Public budget can be financed from government bonds and tax revenues. A country in a currency union is likely to face constraints on financing options resulting in a suboptimal situation. At the same time, government bonds are linked to inflation and a currency union implicitly assumes convergent optimal inflation rates (Grabner 2003). In reality the optimal levels of inflation may differ among the countries in the currency union. Furthermore, the cost or problem of currency union inability of participant countries to independently choose an inflation rate. It seems relatively less important now than in the past as improvements in available technology to central banks enable sustainable inflation that result in low actual inflation rates in most countries however if a country plagued by low productivity enters a currency union of higher productive countries, it could experience higher inflationary rates (Coleman 1999). THE BENEFITS One of the main benefits of currency unions envisaged by Mundell (1961) is the elimination of currency conversion costs and greater predictability of prices which would increase trade. The savings are more significant for small, open and less developed countries whose currencies are not used for international payments (Grabner 2003). Coleman (1999) mentions the savings from the reduction of transaction costs and reduction of price uncertainty together account for 0.4 percent of GDP in the Eurozone. Increased price transparency and reduced price uncertainty are often quoted as interrelated benefits of currency unions. The reduction of price uncertainty is linked to the use of unit of account which is simultaneouslu used by broader economic area (Zika, 2006). The even disappearance of exchange rates removes a vital barrier to trade integration; this furthermore leads to better information, increased competition and price transparency (Jacquet 1998 and Grabner, 2003). Further benefit of monetary union is the removal of competitive devaluations by member countries which also known as â€Å"beggar-thy-neighbor† policy (Kronberger, 2004). Within currency unions, both importers and exporters have a strong interest in avoiding disproportionate swings in exchange rates. The transfer of resources between regions by the centralized monetary authority through its money issuing function. These transfers can be used to diversify the risk of expected economic shocks however; public finance plays a significant role (Voss, 1998). Currency union has the potential to reduce the number of investment failures. Price uncertainty negatively impacts the welfare or risk adverse individuals in standard economic theory. The greater exchange rate volatility tends to impair the quality of decisions about investment projects abroad; therefore greater exchange rate volatility implies more frequent investment failures and larger costs (Grabner, 2003). Higher risk caused by the increase in price and exchange rate uncertainty increases the real interest rate. Higher real interest rates then highlight the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. This therefore helps lower systematic risk (Grabner, 2003). Finally, the vast economic area of currency unions increases the effect of networking. The adoption of a single currency in a bigger economic area creates greater benefits for all users. Looking at the economic structure of the United Kingdom and Eurozone, both have projects which are suitable to the individual development and growth of both economies. The United Kingdom becoming a member of the eurozone will be more of disadvantage than benefit to the United Kingdom due to several reasons. The core argument for entering the EMU is the elimination of exchange risk against the euro which would promote much more trade with and within Europe by merging the rather risky and limited sterling capital market into a bigger and less risky euro capital market. The joining of the Eurozone is not to world currency but a regional one. Outside of Europe, most of the world either uses the dollar or is tied to it in some way therefore trade and investment would be half with the euro area and half with the dollar area. But over the years, euro/dollar exchange rate has been highly variable which when compared to British pound/dollar exchange rate it doesn’t seem convincing. If the UK remains outside, the pound can go between the two currencies as the euro swings occur against dollar thereby sitting on the middle of a seesaw. Looking at this, there is no necessary gain in the exchange risk reduction in UK joining the Eurozone and that it is even possible that the overall risk would rise. The benefit of price transparency and comparison between UK and Eurozone is also of little importance in the sense that United Kingdom has no land borders with the Eurozone unlike Belgium and Netherlands. Given this fact, the comparing of prices between both zones is irrelevant. In terms of bailout and the emerging state pension crisis, growth and development is slower than expected while unemployment is turning out to be higher. The politics of pension cut benefits is speculative given that the aging population will increasingly be dominated by older voters. The effect of raising taxes further would lower growth and increase unemployment. It is a matter of concern to the UK that cost of meeting explosive financial liabilities might somehow impact British taxpayers. In conclusion, the reduction of transactions cost of currency exchange would be roughly offset by the one-off cost of currency conversion. There would be some gain from eliminating exchange risk against euro but this would be offset largely by the volatility against the dollar with around half our trade broadly defined with countries either on or closely linked to the dollar. Generally, the exchange risk does not appear to have an important effect on trade or foreign investment, and in the UK case, on the cos of capital. Honestly, I would like to advice that the UK waits and properly assess and plan out different projects. Due to the structure of the Eurozone, I am strongly against the UK joining the Eurozone which is the best interest of British citizens REFERENCES A Coleman. (1999).Economic integration and monetary union.Available: http://www.treasury.govt.nz/workingpapers/1999/twp99-6.pdf . Last accessed 04-01-2015. Andrew K. Rose. (2006).Currency Unions.Available: http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/arose/Palgrave.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015. Available: http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2004/5/cj24n1-2-10.pdf. Last accessed 04-01-2015. G.M.Voss. (1998). Monetary integration, uncertainty and the role of money finance.Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 65 (2), 231-245. G Fink And D Salvatore. (1999).Benefits and Costs of European Economic and Monetary Union.Available: file:///C:/Users/G1308037/Downloads/6.2_Fink.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015. G Thompson and D Harari. (2013).The economic impact of EU membership on the UK.Available: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=10cad=rjauact=8ved=0CGEQFjAJurl=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/sn06730.pdfei=iBCsVJ_QAefe7AbMvYDgDgusg=AFQjCNG. Last accessed 05-01-2015. Guillermo A. Calvo And Carmen M. Reinhart. (2002).Fear Of Floating. Available: http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/87741.pdf. Last accessed 02-01-2015. Investopedia. (2015).Currency Union.Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currency-union.asp. Last accessed 05-01-2015. Jan Zika. (2006).Cost and Benefits Of A Monetary Union.Available: http://janzika.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Monetary_union.pdf. Last accessed 02-01-2015. Jacquet P. (1998).A worthwhile gamble. International Affairs.Available: No. 1, January, Vol. 74, pp.55–71.. Last accessed 04-01-2015. Mark Carney. (2014).The Economics Of Currency Unions.Available: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2014/speech706.pdf. Last accessed 06-01-2015. Patrick Minford. (2002).Should Britain Join The Euro?.Available: http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/upldbook147pdf.pdf. Last accessed 07-01-2015. Patrick Minford. (2004).Britain, The Euro, And The Five Tests. R. Kronberger. (2004).A cost-benefit analysis of a monetary union for MERCOSUR with particular emphasis on the optimum currency area theory.Available: http://econwpa.wustl.edu:80/eps/mac/papers/0407/0407010.pdf . Last accessed 04-01-2015. R Layard, W Buiter, C Huhne, W Hutton, P Kenen and ATurner. (2002).Why Britain Should Join The Euro.Available: http://willembuiter.com/RL334D.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015. Robert A Mundell. (1961).A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. Available: http://digamo.free.fr/mundell61.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015. Ronald I. Mckinnon. (1963).Optimum Currency Areas.Available: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1811021?sid=21105014573601uid=4uid=3738032uid=2. Last accessed 02-01-2015. S Rosa. (2004).Definition Of Currency Union.Available: https://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/pdf/cuteg1.pdf. Last accessed 04-01-2015. S.Silva and S. Tenreyro. (2010).Currency Unions in Prospect and Retrospect.Available: http://personal.lse.ac.uk/tenreyro/cupaper.pdf. Last accessed 01-01-2015. S.Tenreyro. (2001).On The Causes and Consequences of Currency Un.Available: http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/arose/tenreyro.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015. Willem H. Buiter. (2008).Why the United Kingdom Should Join the Eurozone.Available: http://willembuiter.com/ifeuro.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015.

Developing And Conducting A Successful Capital Campaign Essay -- Fund-

Developing And Conducting A Successful Capital Campaign A capital campaign is an effort to raise funds for the capital needs of an organization or institution. This includes acquisition of property or equipment, construction, renovation, endowments, special projects and programs. Capital campaigns are an occasional necessity, from time to time, in the life of an institution especially when it is part of an institution’s master or long-range plan. The efforts of a capital campaign are of major proportions usually taking place over several years. The reason I have undertaken the research of developing and conducting a successful capital campaign is because I have been in environments where capital campaigns were being conducted. As an undergraduate at Cal State Dominguez Hills, I recall the ground breaking of the Loker Student Union, which was in the last phase of its campaign. I also remember when the campus took on the task to raise fund for the Challenger Center; it was considered in the pre-public phase of the campaign. As a professional, I have been fortunate to be part of two capital campaigns, UCLA’s and the Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association’s. In 1993 at UCLA, I was an assistant to the Director of Development of the Neurosciences in the School of Medicine. Along with the other campus schools, I was involved in the planning and preparation that occurred before the capital campaign called the pre-public phase. It was a very educational experience that I enjoyed. In 1997/98, as a Manager of the Capital Ca mpaign at the Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association, I was involved in efforts during the capital campaign called the public phase. While my experience at the Zoo was also education, I realized that components of the ca... ...le to exceed its goal. BIBLIOGRAPHY Capital Ideas, by M. Jane Williams, Fund-Raising Institute, 2nd Edition, San Francisco, 1979 Conducting a Successful Capital Campaign, by Kent E. Dow, Jersey Bass Publisher, San Francisco, 1991 Capital Giving: Transition from 80’s to 90’s, by J.P. Butler III, CASE, Bethesda, MD, 1986 Prerequisites for Probable Campaign Success, by John Grezenbach, "Corporate Report," Chicago, IL, 1986 Key Elements to a Successful Capital Campaign, by Anita Morin, Capital District Business Review, 1996 Capital Quest, Inc., Traditional Phases of Capital Campaign Michael Marek, Organizing a Capital Campaign Rocky Mountain Institute Newsletter Georgia Tech Capital Campaign Update University of Miami School of Medicine Capital Campaign Update University of Findlay Capital Campaign Office Group 121 Consulting Firm

Experiment 1: Calorimetry

Experiment 1: Calorimetry Nadya Patrica E. Sauza, Jelica D. Estacio Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Results and Discussion Eight Styrofoam ball calorimeters were calibrated. Five milliliters of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was reacted with 10 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in each calorimeter. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded; the change in temperature (? T) was calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The reaction was performed twice for every calorimeter. The heat capacity (Ccal) of each calorimeter was calculated using the formula, C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T[1] where ? Horxn is the total heat absorbed or evolved for every mole of reaction and nLR is the number of moles of the limiting reactant. The ? Horxn used was -55. 8kJ per mole of water while the nLR was 0. 005 mole. Table 1. Average Ccal from recorded ? T values. Trial? T, (oC)Ccal, (J)Ave Ccal, (J) 112. 2126. 82202. 91 21. 0279. 00 213. 093. 00108. 50 22. 3124. 00 310. 5558. 00558. 00 20. 5558. 00 412. 0139. 50244. 13 20. 8348. 75 513. 093. 0081. 38 24. 069. 75 612. 0139. 50209. 25 21. 0279. 00 712. 111. 60111. 60 22. 5111. 60 813. 093. 00116. 25 22. 0139. 50 Different heat capacities were calculated for each calorimeter (Table 1). After calibration, a reaction was performed in a calorimeter by each pair. A total of eight reactions were observed by the whole class. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded. Then the change in temperature was calculated. Eac h reaction was performed twice to produce two trials. The experimental ? Horxn for each reaction was solved using the formula, H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR [2] where Ccal is the heat capacity previously calculated for each calorimeter. The percent error for each reaction was computed by comparing the computed experimental ? Horxn to the theoretical ? Horxn using the formula, % error=|(computed-theoretical)/theoretical|? 100% [3] Table 2. Comparison of calculated ? Horxn and theoretical ? Horxn. RxnLRTrial? T, (oC)? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Ave ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Theo ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)% Error 1HCl13. 5-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 0-121. 75 2HOAc11. 3-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 7-56. 89 3HOAc11. 8-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 0-216. 70 4HNO311. 5-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 4-68. 36 5Mg13. 0-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 0-158. 23 6Mg15. 5-559. 4-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 0-712. 01 7Zn13. 0-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 0-43. 80 8CaCl210. 00. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5-11. 63 There were differences in experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn as shown by the percent error for each reaction (table 2). The discrepancies were caused by many factors. One factor was the loss of heat. The heat may have bee n released when the thermometer was pushed or pulled during the reaction. The heat may also have been lost because the calorimeter is not totally isolated. Another factor was the dilution of the solution. The pipette or test tube may still have been wet when used. However, the concentration used in solving for values was the concentration of the undiluted solution. Another factor that may have contributed to the difference in the experimental and theoretical values was human error. It was manifested when reading the thermometer or measuring chemicals with different instruments. The factors aforementioned are the limitations of this experiment. References Petrucci, R. H. ; Herring, F. G. ; Madura, J. D. ; Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry, 10th ed. ; Pearson Education: Canada, 2011; Chapter 7. Appendices Appendix A Comparison of Observed and Theoretical Heats of Reactions RxnLRTrial? TnLRqrxn? HorxnAve ? HorxnTheo ? Horxn% Error 1HCl13. 500. 00500-710. 19-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 000. 00500-608. 73-121. 75 2HOAc11. 250. 00515-135. 63-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 700. 00515-292. 95-56. 89 3HOAc11. 750. 00515-976. 50-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 000. 00515-1116. 00-216. 70 4HNO311. 500. 00500-366. 19-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 400. 00500-341. 78-68. 36 5Mg13. 000. 00206-244. 13-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 000. 00206-325. 50-158. 23 6Mg15. 500. 00206-1150. 88-559. 44-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 000. 00206-1464. 75-712. 01 7Zn13. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 0 8Na2CO3/ CaCl210. 000. 005000. 000. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 500. 00500-58. 13-11. 63 Appendix B Sample Calculations Calibration of Calorimeter 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HCl n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ LR: HCLnLR= 0. 005mol Grp 1 Trial 1 ?T= 2. 2oC Sol’n: C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 005mol))/(? 2. 2? ^ o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=126. 82 J) Determination of Heats of Reaction Neutralization Reaction Rxn 4 Trial 1: 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HNO3 n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) LR: HNO3nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 1. 5oCCcal= 244. 125 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(244. 25J)(? 1. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-73. 24kJ) Reaction between an Active Metal and an Acid Rxn 5 Trial 1: 15ml 1M HCl+ 0. 05g Mg n. i. e. : 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) ? Mg+2(aq) + H2(g) LR: MgnLR= 0. 00206mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 81. 375 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(81. 375J)(3^o C))/0. 00206mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? _rxn^o=-118. 67kJ) Displacement of One Metal by Another Rxn 7 Trial 1: 15ml 1M CuSO4 + 0. 5g Zn n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00764mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 111. 6 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(111. 6J)(3^o C))/0. 00764mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? rxn^o=-43. 80kJ) Precipitation Reaction Rxn 8 Trial 1: 10ml 0. 5M Na2CO3 + 5ml 1M CaCl2 n. i. e. : CO3-2(aq) + Ca+2(aq) ? CaCO3(s) LR: Na2CO3/ CaCl2nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 0. 5oCCcal= 116. 25 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(116. 25J)(? 0. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-11. 63kJ) Appendix C Answers to the Questions in the Lab Manual There are many possibilities that explain the discrepancy of the experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn. First, heat might have been lost to the surroundings. This is possible whenever the thermometer is pulled out or pushed in the calorimeter during the reaction. Also, the calorimeter might not have been thoroughly isolated. Second, the solution might have been diluted in the test tube or pipette. They might have been wet when used with the solution. Lastly, the discrepancies might have occurred due to human error. The students might have misread the thermometer when taking the temperature or the pipette when measuring the solutions. a. It is important to keep the total volume of the resulting solution to 15ml because any more or any less than that of the volume can contribute to the absorption or release of additional heat therefore affecting the ? Horxn. b. It is important to know the exact concentrations of the reactants to solve for their number of moles and to find out the limiting reactant. c. It is important to know the exact weight of the metal solids used to solve for their number of moles and to find out whether one of them is a limiting reactant. Also, the weight is needed to solve for the heat capacity of the solid when the specific heat is given. 200ml 0. 5M HA + NaOH ? -6. 0kJ LR: HAnLR= 0. 1mole H? _(rxn,mol)^o= (-6. 0 kJ)/(0. 1 mol) ?( H? _(rxn,mol)^o= -60 kJ) HA is a strong acid. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -60 kJ/mole Calibration:15ml 2. M HCl + 5ml 2. 0M NaOH? T=5. 60oC LR: NaOHnLR= 0. 01mole Reaction:20ml 0. 450M CuSO4 + 0. 264g Zn? T=8. 83oC LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00404mole n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 01mol))/(? 5. 60? ^o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=99. 6 J) H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(99. 6J)(? 8. 83? ^o C))/0. 00404mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-218. 0 kJ) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ ?Hof,H2O= -285 kJ ?Hof,OH-= ? ?Horxn= ? Hof,product – ? Hof,reactant -55. 8 kJ = ? Hof,OH- – (-285 kJ) ?( H? _(f,? OH? ^-)^o=-218. 0 kJ) Experiment 1: Calorimetry Experiment 1: Calorimetry Nadya Patrica E. Sauza, Jelica D. Estacio Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Results and Discussion Eight Styrofoam ball calorimeters were calibrated. Five milliliters of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was reacted with 10 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in each calorimeter. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded; the change in temperature (? T) was calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The reaction was performed twice for every calorimeter. The heat capacity (Ccal) of each calorimeter was calculated using the formula, C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T[1] where ? Horxn is the total heat absorbed or evolved for every mole of reaction and nLR is the number of moles of the limiting reactant. The ? Horxn used was -55. 8kJ per mole of water while the nLR was 0. 005 mole. Table 1. Average Ccal from recorded ? T values. Trial? T, (oC)Ccal, (J)Ave Ccal, (J) 112. 2126. 82202. 91 21. 0279. 00 213. 093. 00108. 50 22. 3124. 00 310. 5558. 00558. 00 20. 5558. 00 412. 0139. 50244. 13 20. 8348. 75 513. 093. 0081. 38 24. 069. 75 612. 0139. 50209. 25 21. 0279. 00 712. 111. 60111. 60 22. 5111. 60 813. 093. 00116. 25 22. 0139. 50 Different heat capacities were calculated for each calorimeter (Table 1). After calibration, a reaction was performed in a calorimeter by each pair. A total of eight reactions were observed by the whole class. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded. Then the change in temperature was calculated. Eac h reaction was performed twice to produce two trials. The experimental ? Horxn for each reaction was solved using the formula, H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR [2] where Ccal is the heat capacity previously calculated for each calorimeter. The percent error for each reaction was computed by comparing the computed experimental ? Horxn to the theoretical ? Horxn using the formula, % error=|(computed-theoretical)/theoretical|? 100% [3] Table 2. Comparison of calculated ? Horxn and theoretical ? Horxn. RxnLRTrial? T, (oC)? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Ave ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Theo ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)% Error 1HCl13. 5-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 0-121. 75 2HOAc11. 3-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 7-56. 89 3HOAc11. 8-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 0-216. 70 4HNO311. 5-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 4-68. 36 5Mg13. 0-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 0-158. 23 6Mg15. 5-559. 4-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 0-712. 01 7Zn13. 0-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 0-43. 80 8CaCl210. 00. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5-11. 63 There were differences in experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn as shown by the percent error for each reaction (table 2). The discrepancies were caused by many factors. One factor was the loss of heat. The heat may have bee n released when the thermometer was pushed or pulled during the reaction. The heat may also have been lost because the calorimeter is not totally isolated. Another factor was the dilution of the solution. The pipette or test tube may still have been wet when used. However, the concentration used in solving for values was the concentration of the undiluted solution. Another factor that may have contributed to the difference in the experimental and theoretical values was human error. It was manifested when reading the thermometer or measuring chemicals with different instruments. The factors aforementioned are the limitations of this experiment. References Petrucci, R. H. ; Herring, F. G. ; Madura, J. D. ; Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry, 10th ed. ; Pearson Education: Canada, 2011; Chapter 7. Appendices Appendix A Comparison of Observed and Theoretical Heats of Reactions RxnLRTrial? TnLRqrxn? HorxnAve ? HorxnTheo ? Horxn% Error 1HCl13. 500. 00500-710. 19-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 000. 00500-608. 73-121. 75 2HOAc11. 250. 00515-135. 63-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 700. 00515-292. 95-56. 89 3HOAc11. 750. 00515-976. 50-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 000. 00515-1116. 00-216. 70 4HNO311. 500. 00500-366. 19-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 400. 00500-341. 78-68. 36 5Mg13. 000. 00206-244. 13-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 000. 00206-325. 50-158. 23 6Mg15. 500. 00206-1150. 88-559. 44-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 000. 00206-1464. 75-712. 01 7Zn13. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 0 8Na2CO3/ CaCl210. 000. 005000. 000. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 500. 00500-58. 13-11. 63 Appendix B Sample Calculations Calibration of Calorimeter 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HCl n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ LR: HCLnLR= 0. 005mol Grp 1 Trial 1 ?T= 2. 2oC Sol’n: C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 005mol))/(? 2. 2? ^ o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=126. 82 J) Determination of Heats of Reaction Neutralization Reaction Rxn 4 Trial 1: 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HNO3 n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) LR: HNO3nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 1. 5oCCcal= 244. 125 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(244. 25J)(? 1. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-73. 24kJ) Reaction between an Active Metal and an Acid Rxn 5 Trial 1: 15ml 1M HCl+ 0. 05g Mg n. i. e. : 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) ? Mg+2(aq) + H2(g) LR: MgnLR= 0. 00206mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 81. 375 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(81. 375J)(3^o C))/0. 00206mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? _rxn^o=-118. 67kJ) Displacement of One Metal by Another Rxn 7 Trial 1: 15ml 1M CuSO4 + 0. 5g Zn n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00764mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 111. 6 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(111. 6J)(3^o C))/0. 00764mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? rxn^o=-43. 80kJ) Precipitation Reaction Rxn 8 Trial 1: 10ml 0. 5M Na2CO3 + 5ml 1M CaCl2 n. i. e. : CO3-2(aq) + Ca+2(aq) ? CaCO3(s) LR: Na2CO3/ CaCl2nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 0. 5oCCcal= 116. 25 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(116. 25J)(? 0. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-11. 63kJ) Appendix C Answers to the Questions in the Lab Manual There are many possibilities that explain the discrepancy of the experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn. First, heat might have been lost to the surroundings. This is possible whenever the thermometer is pulled out or pushed in the calorimeter during the reaction. Also, the calorimeter might not have been thoroughly isolated. Second, the solution might have been diluted in the test tube or pipette. They might have been wet when used with the solution. Lastly, the discrepancies might have occurred due to human error. The students might have misread the thermometer when taking the temperature or the pipette when measuring the solutions. a. It is important to keep the total volume of the resulting solution to 15ml because any more or any less than that of the volume can contribute to the absorption or release of additional heat therefore affecting the ? Horxn. b. It is important to know the exact concentrations of the reactants to solve for their number of moles and to find out the limiting reactant. c. It is important to know the exact weight of the metal solids used to solve for their number of moles and to find out whether one of them is a limiting reactant. Also, the weight is needed to solve for the heat capacity of the solid when the specific heat is given. 200ml 0. 5M HA + NaOH ? -6. 0kJ LR: HAnLR= 0. 1mole H? _(rxn,mol)^o= (-6. 0 kJ)/(0. 1 mol) ?( H? _(rxn,mol)^o= -60 kJ) HA is a strong acid. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -60 kJ/mole Calibration:15ml 2. M HCl + 5ml 2. 0M NaOH? T=5. 60oC LR: NaOHnLR= 0. 01mole Reaction:20ml 0. 450M CuSO4 + 0. 264g Zn? T=8. 83oC LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00404mole n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 01mol))/(? 5. 60? ^o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=99. 6 J) H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(99. 6J)(? 8. 83? ^o C))/0. 00404mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-218. 0 kJ) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ ?Hof,H2O= -285 kJ ?Hof,OH-= ? ?Horxn= ? Hof,product – ? Hof,reactant -55. 8 kJ = ? Hof,OH- – (-285 kJ) ?( H? _(f,? OH? ^-)^o=-218. 0 kJ)

When The Average Person Thinks Of Qualities That Describe

When the average person thinks of qualities that describe a good engineer, they might think of qualities such as intelligence or technical adeptness. Qualities such as these do in fact make an engineer good at their job, but they don’t necessarily make them a good engineer. Engineering ethics defines the qualities that create a good engineer as virtues. Virtuous engineers seek high moral standing and fulfillment in their careers beyond that of just solving engineering problems for money. Virtues in this context are qualities or traits of an engineer that not only allows them to excel at their job but also attain fulfillment and happiness. Engineering ethics may be a relatively new field of study but the concepts, on which it is built, such†¦show more content†¦Virtues of thought are traits of the mind that promote intellectual well-being and aid in the pursuit of knowledge, truth, or understanding. In contrast, virtues of character are qualities or traits that help one fulfill their physical goals, or as Aristotle calls them, passions, in a manner that reflects high morality. Both virtues of character and mind can be examined as the perfect middle ground between vices of deficiency and excess. Pride, for example is virtue that is good in moderation. In excess, pride becomes hubris, which led to the fall of many epic characters. In deficiency, pride becomes shamefulness, which can be taken advantage of. Considering all that I have learned so far, do I believe myself to be a virtuous person? Am I capable of becoming a virtuous engineer? The short answer is yes. My upbringing combined with traits I practice and instilled with myself has afforded me many qualities that I, in agreement with ancient philosophers’ text, deem to be virtuous. As far back as I can remember, my parents never wasted a teaching opportunity. 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