Transportation, Globalization And International Trade

Home Contents Chapter 5 Concept 2 Transportation, Globalization and International Trade Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. The Flows of Globalization In a global economy, no nation is self-sufficient. Each is involved at different levels in trade to sell what it produces, to acquire what it lacks and also to produce more efficiently in some economic sectors than its trade partners. International Trade. An exchange of goods or services across national jurisdictions. Inbound trade is defined as imports and outbound trade is defined as exports. Subject to the regulatory oversight and taxation of the involved nations, namely through customs. As supported by conventional economic theory, trade promotes economic efficiency by providing a wider variety of goods, often at lower costs, notably because of specialization, economies of scale and the related comparative advantages. The main theoretical foundations of international trade include: †¢ Mercantilism. A trade system where a nation tried to impose a positive trade balance (more exports than imports, particularly value-wise) on other nations to favor the accumulation of wealth. This system was prevalent during the colonial era and often undertaken by charter companies receiving a monopoly on trade. Mercantilism represents the antithesis of free trade since trade relations are controlled and aligned to benefit one partner at the expense of the other. Still, mercantilism established the foundations of a global tradingShow MoreRelatedEconomic Globalization And The Global Economy972 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication sharing technology, the push for free trade agreements, and the sustaining of a prolonged period of international peace, globalization has rapidly taken over political discourse and dealings. The emphasis, in recent decades, has been towards economic globalization with the push for international stock exchanges, and the development of the Internationa l Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Economic globalization is the development of an interdependent andRead MoreAn Analysis Of The International Logistics Systems1481 Words   |  6 Pagesefficient and reliable transportation mechanisms for their supply chains (Coyle et al. 2015). In addition, the various firms or companies have to contend with the fact that the increased distances of transportation come with its fair share of risks. The firms need to carry out risk assessment to deal with the unexpected processes. From another point of view, the firms need to make several compromises as they enter into various agreements that will ensure that the transportation processes are well integratedRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalization with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent era of globalization with the first age of globalization (1850s-1920s). What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in its current context? Word count: 1530   Unit Coordinator: Dr Tony Ramsay I am going to contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization in many different aspects, in the mean time analysis the merits and demerits of　globalization in its current context. John and Kenneth (2012, p. 28) find that the concept of globalization means theRead MoreThe Seven Interrelated Variables that have Helped Globalization862 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Business behaviour business transactions everywhere throughout the world. These transactions incorporate the goods, services, technology, managerial knowledge, and capital to other countries. International Business includes export and imports. Global Business is moreover alluded to, called or escaped as a Global Business or an International Marketing. According to dictionary.com (n.d), International trade is the trade of exchange of goods or services along international borders. ThisRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The United States1454 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is an extremely relevant concept in regards to the current shape of the world. Through globalization, ideas are shared across cultures leading to innovations in several departments. I would like to give an overall view and perspective of the impact of globalization on the United States from a macro look at how globalization is now shaping America. Likewise, I will discuss in more detail how globalization has impacted the United States as it relates to technology, trade, transportationRead MoreGlobalization Of The Cross Border Trade And Investment Opportunities1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe perceived distance between the cross-border trade and investment opportunities are shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications technology is known as globalization. Globalization not only affects the consumers but also organizations. Barriers to globalization include distance, time zones, languages, not to mention the national differences in government regulations, culture, and business systems. The bus known as globalization is driven by an organizations need to expand,Read More The Elimination of the Middle Class1256 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network by transportation, communication, and trade. Through a global lens the process of globalization seems to be vital to the development of the modern world. As a result of globalization there has been a dramatic transition in every aspect of life around the world, more specifically in areas such as trade, immigration, and human development. International trade bolsters salesRead MoreGlobal Market Liberalisation : Globalization1117 Words   |  5 Pages The word globalization can be defined in many ways. It involves a change in economic status, political status, economy, and international intervening, including trade. Global trade has been on the increase and has expanded over time. Trade helps in decreasing poverty levels and providing others with what they need. The growth of world trade has averaged 6 percent per year, over the past 20 years. That is twice as fast as the output in the world. The definition of globalization includes the processRead MoreNeoliberal Globalization:Transformation and Development1021 Words   |  5 PagesIn the era of neoliberal globalization, states have more interconnectedness and interdependence with each other for the global economy to prosper. Meanwhile, Significant changes have occurred in the nature of international trade and commodity production for the past decades. These changes also lead to new geographic, social, and political divisions of labor worldwide. Moreover, social and political consequences of these transformations have begun to take effects on a global scale. In this essay IRead MoreGlobalization of Supply Chain Management1422 Words   |  6 PagesConclusions The globalization of supply chain management is the natural outcome of today’s expanding consumer markets as companies struggle to meet the dynamic needs of growing markets and new customer segments. It has led to a high degree of specialization under an ever-expanding world market. People with special skills can work with little overheads and market globally. Small companies can flourish. Introduction The pace of globalization on the supply chain continues to foster opportunities

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 2070 Words

Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize that the slight lack of power women seem to have nowadays has lessened with time, in all areas. Even though many may argue that men have an abuse of power in modern times, women have far more rights in government and society’s standings than they once had . A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen sheds light on the typical role of women in 1870’s Norway, showing how women were treated then: almost as objects with no real important place in society. This gives modern readers a clear view of how many more opportunities th at women have nowadays. This essay will combat the derogatory view of women that many people may still have yet how it has lessened and changed . It will examine the role of men in the time period of the play as well. This essay will look into Ibsen’s life and motives for writing, because not only did he choose to give light to feminism, but he alluded to looking down on the role of men. It will explore what themes in the play that relate to Ibsen’s personal life. This essay will also explore the minds of the characters in theShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signed

A Short Note On Lacunae s Laws Protecting Children...

Title of Paper-Lacunae in Laws protecting children against online sexual abuse in India By Karnika Seth, Advocate (BA (Eng Hons), LL.B (D.U), LL.M (King’s College ,U.K) Phd. Research Scholar (NIU) Abstract In the digital age, there has been an unprecedented growth in both the use and dependency on internet, particularly among children populace. Whereas increased use of information technology by children has some positive dimensions, there is a glaring flipside, the concern over growing child abuse cases on the Internet. Reliable statistics point that India is home to 19% of World’s children and the production and distribution of child abuse images has become a rampant problem in India. According to a 2007 study conducted by Ministry of Women and Child Welfare in India, wherein over 12,000 children were studied for child abuse, 4.4% of them were found to have been victims of child pornography. Children face a number of threats in the online world, including cyberbullying, sexual harassment, cyber grooming, sexting, phishing, photo morphing, identity thefts, amongst other cybercrimes. In India, while the Information Technology Act,2000 (IT Act) and the Protection of Children From Sexual Offences Act,2012 (POCSO Act)are special legislations that declare certain illegal acts directed at children online as punishable offences, the existing statutes fail to define many of such offences and/or address other emerging cybercrimes targeting children for sexual abuse. For example,

Business Law Cases

Questions: 1. Advise three friends what they should take into consideration when making up their minds if they should set up their business as a general partnership (unincorporated) or as a limited liability company (incorporated)? 2. A business associate, who has taken on a new role as Operations Manager of a small business, has asked you to help her to explain the difference between an employee and an independent contractor to her Managing Director? 3. Your colleague has missed classes and asks you to help him catch up on the European Union (EU) elements of the module. Write a short report for him, explaining the significance of both monist and dualist legal systems and the difference between EU Regulations and Directives? Answers: Introduction to assignment:- This assignment contains three questions regarding business law cases. First question is about unincorporated partnership and incorporated LLP. Second question is about the distinction between the contractor and an employee. Third question is about European Union elements of the module. Other part of the question asks about significance of both monist and dualist legal systems and the difference between EU regulations and Directives. 1. Three friends are making their mind to set up their business as a general partnership or as a Limited Liability Company. We are required to guide them what important points need due consideration while starting a business as general partnership or as a limited liability company. Provisions of partnership are covered by different partnership acts. General partnership is covered by partnership Act 1890. General partnership is one of the business forms. In general partnership, more than two people start up a business with the aim of earning profits. Partners in general partnership are jointly and severally liable for the liabilities of the business. The provisions of The Limited Partnership Act 1907 are applicable to the limited partnership. In limited partnership, sleeping partners may become partners but they would have limited liability compared to active partners. Limited partnership can be created by all the sleeping partners. Provisions of The Limited Liability partnership Act 2000 are applicable to Limited Liability partnership. Partners may have limited and specific liability under Limited Liability partnership and it would be considered as a separate legal person. Though, it will be considered as partnership for tax and it would not be subject to much regulations. Now, lets discuss the points to be kept in mind while setting up a business as a partnership. Below given are some common points when deciding about setting up a business as a partnership or a limited liability partnership. First of all, partners should decide what kind of partnership they want to enter into. Accordingly the partnership act will be made applicable based on the type of partnership. Name should be given to the partnership and it should be registered with the appropriate authority. 1. Before setting up a business as partnership and while drawing up a partnership agreement, share of profits and losses should be decided first. Definite percentage of profits and losses should be decided so that disputes may not arise at a later point. 2. Capital contribution of every partner should be definite. Capital contribution is an important feature of a business as without capital contribution business cannot be started. 3. Authority and responsibility of every partner should be clarified to smoothen the functioning of business. Separation of authorities and responsibilities will make the running of business proper. 4. Opening of a bank account and management of a bank account should be made properly. 5. The ownership of assets of partners should be defined. Which partner will own which asset and to what extent should be clarified. 6. Terms and conditions related to withdrawal and interest on loan as well as interest on withdrawal should be defined. The agreement should be made taking into account the provisions of partnership acts. 7. Management of accounts of the partnership should be given to the specific partner to remove the difficulties of a business. 8. Terms regarding entrance and removal o a partner should be clarified properly. 9. The circumstances when the partnership will come to an end should be included in the partnership agreement. 10. After removal or resignation of a partner the condition that would apply to him regarding competing with their rivals should be clarified. Above given are few of the common points that should be considered while drawing up a partnership agreement. Another part of question one is about Limited Liability Company. We are required to state the point to be considered while setting up a business as Limited Liability Company. first, lets understand whats Limited Liability Company. Its one of the business structures where the liabilities of the shareholders are limited. The liabilities of the companies are not directly the legal liabilities of the shareholders. To start up a business with limited liability, one should decide the company name, register it with the registrar and an official UK address which will be the registered office of your company where the documentation will be kept and all the communications will be made. All the other businesses and activities of the company will be included in the MOA. MOA of the company generally contains following points:- 1. Company name should be specified in the MOA. It should not contain any sensitive names. However, it should only contain limited word at the end. 2. Location of the registered office should be specified in the MOA. Office of registered office should be in UK. 3. Objects of the company should be defined in the MOA. What business your company would carry, main as well incidental objects should be included in MOA. 4. The liabilities of the members should be limited. This means shareholders liability would be limited up the value of the shares they hold. 5. Amount of share capital should be specified. Authorised as well as all other type of capitals like subscribed, called up, paid up should be defined. 2. A business associate has taken on a new role an operations manager of a small business. She needs to explain her managing director the distinction between a contractor and an employee. Employees are the persons working under an employer who can be part time as well as full time employees. Employees are bound by the instructions given by the employers. When people decide to hire people to work under them, there emerge two possibilities; they may hire either employees or independent contractors. Like, if want to construct a special set for an award function and you employ some carpenter to create specific type of banquet according to your specification then that carpenter be called the independent contractor. Difference between employees and independent contractors:- Employee:- Hiring an employee leads to payment of payroll taxes on that employee. Apart from payroll taxes another obligation may be to make unemployment and workers compensation to the appropriate government agency. Another important feature of employees is that you can train them the way you want and make them work for certain hours at specific place. Employees work only for the employer they are hired by. They are paid on a regular basis. Employees work for certain number of hours. Employees can be fired or can be made to quit the job. Moreover, employees receive employment benefits like health and disability insurance. Employees work under the control of the employer and according to the direction of the employer. They complete the task given in the manner decided of requested by the employer. They dont need to invest any amount in the work they do for their employer or make any specific expenditure to finish up the task. Employees have general education and a specific background to work fo r specific position and they get proper training from the employer to work in a specific manner and to complete the job in a better way. They get salary from the employer at regular interval of time after deduction of their taxes and security taxes and medical taxes under federal Insurance Contributions Act. Employees get unemployment compensation from the employer after termination or lay off. They also receive workers compensation benefits for any workplace injury. Employment of an employee can be fired for specific reason and with serving of a specific notice. There are specific rules and regulations for minimum wages and overtime hours under which the employees are governed. Employees are even covered under laws related to safety at workplace and anti-discrimination. They can even create or join a union. Independent contractors:- Contractors are already trained persons who work for themselves and not for anyone else which means they work on independent basis and not under the employment of any person. They already have learned their job skills anywhere else. They are free to do their work according to the mutual consent of both the parties. The product will be delivered according to the specifications of the person hiring the contractor but the way of performing and completing the task will be decided by the contractor himself. They cant be forced to work in a certain way or for certain specific hour or at a specific location. Unlike employees, contractors may have other clients. Contractors are not paid on regular basis like employees but they are paid on project basis. Working hours can be decided by the contractors. They may work according to their convenience. Contractors cant be fired usually like employees. Both the parties are bound by the contract made. Employer or contractor may have to pay certain c ompensation if any of them breaches the contract terms or cancel the contract. Contractors provide services to more than one company. They dont receive employment benefits like employees receive. They work independently according to their own wish. They accomplish their work according to their choice and they can do so without the input of employer. They have to incur the costs as well as investments to accomplish the task given. They come with specific job skills of their own. They dont need to be trained by the employer for completing the task. They pay their tax dues on their own. Employers are not obliged to pay the taxes on behalf of them like employees. They are not even subject to FICA taxes. Contractors are not even given the benefits of unemployment compensation. Employers can fire contractors anywhere at any time unless the contract specifies the terms related to the same. Contractors are paid according to the terms and conditions of the contract and they are not eligible to specific other compensations like employee receive. Contractors are not even covered under the laws of safety at workplace or anti-discrimination. Contractors are not entitled to form or join a union. This way employee and contractors differ from each other. 3. European Union:- European Union is an association of 28 states which are its members and which are specifically situated in Europe. The European Union works with the help of certain institutions and intergovernmental decisions by the member states. Its partnership between 28 members states that together cover most of the European continent. EU was created after Second World War. The first motive of the EU was to expand economic co-operation between the countries who trade with one another and is become economically interdependent. This was decided to remove the conflicts. European Economic Community was resulted from this in the year 1958. Initially, it was the union of 6 countries. After that, a wide market has been created and its continuing to develop to its potential. In the year 1993, the name changed to EU from EEC. EU works on a rule of law. Whatever EU does is based on treaties, voluntarily and independently agreed by all the countries. EUs goals are decided by the binding agreements set out. Mobility, stability, growth and single currency are the goals of EU. EU has till date help people raising their standard of living, delivered peace among countries, gave prosperity and launched a single currency named EURO. EU countries boarder control abolition has played major role in success of EU. People now-a-days can travel freely across all the continents of EU. The single market has enabled the different things like currency, people, services and goods to move freely across the nation. Another main goal of EU is to create huge resources si that people can get maximum benefit from it. European parliament is the main runner of EU. Wide powers are given European parliament. European parliament, national parliaments and European institutions play grea ter role in proper running of the EU. European citizens are also taking part in political success of Europe. Significance of Monist and Dualist legal systems:- Monist and Dualist are the international laws. Question here is how the international laws can be applied to domestic legal systems. Monist legal system says that, both the national laws and international laws form a unity. Therefore, in Monist concept international laws need not to be converted into laws of national countries. The international treaties ratification instantly converts international laws into national one. Therefore, the judicial decisions of ICC can be applied to national court cases. However, Monist system has different approaches in itself. Some of constitutions permit immediate application of international laws while in other constitutions direct application takes place only for self executing treaties. In Dualist system, international law cant be directly applied to the national law. It should first be translated into national law and then application of the same to domestic law is possible. Therefore, in Dualist system only ratification of international law is not enough and implementation of national legislation is necessary. Difference between EU regulation and directives:- EU regulations are binding on all over the EU continents. Like, when EU decided to save the names of agricultural products from specific areas then the council did the needful and adopted a regulation. It is addressed to all the members of state and they were fully applied. They can be applied without the need of national legislation. Directives mean goals decided by the EU which are required to be achieved by the member countries must achieve. However, the process of achieving that goal can be decided by the countries on their own. This happened with the working time directives, according to which overtime work was illegal. It was given that minimum rest period and maximum working hours were decided which all the countries were required to follow. However, how to implement that was every countrys own matter of thinking. References:- ANON, N.D., Unincorporated Association, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Partnerships, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Partnerships, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., The Partnership Act 1890, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Limited Liability, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Limited Liability Companies, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Difference Between Employees and Contractors, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Difference Between Employees and Contractors, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., Significance of Dualist and Monist, Accessed on 7th August 2015, ANON, N.D., European Union, Accessed on 7th August 2015,